verb tenses.docx
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verbtenses
SimplePresentTense
Ising
HowdowemaketheSimplePresentTense?
subject
+
auxiliaryverb
+
mainverb
do
base
Therearethreeimportantexceptions:
1.Forpositivesentences,wedonotnormallyusetheauxiliary.
2.Forthe3rdpersonsingular（he,she,it）,weaddstothemainverborestotheauxiliary.
3.Fortheverbtobe,wedonotuseanauxiliary,evenforquestionsandnegatives.
Lookattheseexampleswiththemainverblike:
subject
auxiliaryverb
mainverb
+
I,you,we,they
like
coffee.
He,she,it
likes
coffee.
-
I,you,we,they
do
not
like
coffee.
He,she,it
does
not
like
coffee.
?
Do
I,you,we,they
like
coffee?
Does
he,she,it
like
coffee?
Lookattheseexampleswiththemainverbbe.Noticethatthereisnoauxiliary:
subject
mainverb
+
I
am
French.
You,we,they
are
French.
He,she,it
is
French.
-
I
am
not
old.
You,we,they
are
not
old.
He,she,it
is
not
old.
?
Am
I
late?
Are
you,we,they
late?
Is
he,she,it
late?
HowdoweusetheSimplePresentTense?
Weusethesimplepresenttensewhen:
∙theactionisgeneral
∙theactionhappensallthetime,orhabitually,inthepast,presentandfuture
∙theactionisnotonlyhappeningnow
∙thestatementisalwaystrue
Johndrivesataxi.
past
present
future
ItisJohn'sjobtodriveataxi.Hedoesiteveryday.Past,presentandfuture.
Lookattheseexamples:
∙IliveinNewYork.
∙TheMoongoesroundtheEarth.
∙Johndrivesataxi.
∙Hedoesnotdriveabus.
∙WemeeteveryThursday.
∙Wedonotworkatnight.
∙Doyouplayfootball?
Notethatwiththeverbtobe,wecanalsousethesimplepresenttenseforsituationsthatarenotgeneral.Wecanusethesimplepresenttensetotalkaboutnow.Lookattheseexamplesoftheverb"tobe"inthesimplepresenttense-someofthemaregeneral,someofthemarenow:
AmIright?
Taraisnotathome.
Youarehappy.
past
present
future
Thesituationisnow.
Iamnotfat.
Whyareyousobeautiful?
Ramistall.
past
present
future
Thesituationisgeneral.Past,presentandfuture.
HowdowemakethePresentContinuousTense?
Thestructureofthepresentcontinuoustenseis:
subject
+
auxiliaryverb
+
mainverb
be
base+ing
Lookattheseexamples:
subject
auxiliaryverb
mainverb
+
I
am
speaking
toyou.
+
You
are
reading
this.
-
She
is
not
staying
inLondon.
-
We
are
not
playing
football.
?
Is
he
watching
TV?
?
Are
they
waiting
forJohn?
HowdoweusethePresentContinuousTense?
Weusethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkabout:
∙actionhappeningnow
∙actioninthefuture
Presentcontinuoustenseforactionhappeningnow
a）foractionhappeningexactlynow
Iameatingmylunch.
past
present
future
Theactionishappeningnow.
Lookattheseexamples.Rightnowyouarelookingatthisscreenandatthesametime...
...thepagesareturning.
...thecandleisburning.
...thenumbersarespinning.
b）foractionhappeningaroundnow
Theactionmaynotbehappeningexactlynow,butitishappeningjustbeforeandjustafternow,anditisnotpermanentorhabitual.
JohnisgoingoutwithMary.
past
present
future
Theactionishappeningaroundnow.
Lookattheseexamples:
∙Murielislearningtodrive.
∙IamlivingwithmysisteruntilIfindanapartment.
Presentcontinuoustenseforthefuture
Wecanalsousethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutthefuture-ifweaddafutureword!
!
Wemustadd（orunderstandfromthecontext）afutureword."Futurewords"include,forexample,tomorrow,nextyear,inJune,atChristmasetc.Weonlyusethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutthefuturewhenwehaveplannedtodosomethingbeforewespeak.Wehavealreadymadeadecisionandaplanbeforespeaking.
Iamtakingmyexamnextmonth.
past
present
future
!
!
!
Afirmplanorprogramexistsnow.
Theactionisinthefuture.
Lookattheseexamples:
∙We'reeatinginarestauranttonight.We'vealreadybookedthetable..
∙Theycanplaytenniswithyoutomorrow.They'renotworking.
∙Whenareyoustartingyournewjob?
Intheseexamples,wehaveafirmplanorprogrambeforespeaking.Thedecisionandplanweremadebeforespeaking.
HowdowespellthePresentContinuousTense?
Wemakethepresentcontinuoustensebyadding-ingtothebaseverb.Normallyit'ssimple-wejustadd-ing.Butsometimeswehavetochangethewordalittle.Perhapswedoublethelastletter,orwedropaletter.Herearetherulestohelpyouknowhowtospellthepresentcontinuoustense.
Basicrule
Justadd-ingtothebaseverb:
work
>
working
play
>
playing
assist
>
assisting
see
>
seeing
be
>
being
Exception1
Ifthebaseverbendsinconsonant+stressedvowel+consonant,doublethelastletter:
s
t
o
p
consonant
stressed
vowel
consonant
（vowels=a,e,i,o,u）
stop
>
stopping
run
>
running
begin
>
beginning
Notethatthisexceptiondoesnotapplywhenthelastsyllableofthebaseverbisnotstressed:
open
>
opening
Exception2
Ifthebaseverbendsinie,changetheietoy:
lie
>
lying
die
>
dying
Exception3
Ifthebaseverbendsinvowel+consonant+e,omitthee:
come
>
coming
mistake
>
mistaking
PresentPerfectTense
Ihavesung
ThepresentperfecttenseisaratherimportanttenseinEnglish,butitgivesspeakersofsomelanguagesadifficulttime.Thatisbecauseitusesconceptsorideasthatdonotexistinthoselanguages.Infact,thestructureofthepresentperfecttenseisverysimple.Theproblemscomewiththeuseofthetense.Inaddition,therearesomedifferencesinusagebetweenBritishandAmericanEnglish.
HowdowemakethePresentPerfectTense?
Thestructureofthepresentperfecttenseis:
subject
+
auxiliaryverb
+
mainverb
have
pastparticiple
Herearesomeexamplesofthepresentperfecttense:
subject
auxiliaryverb
mainverb
+
I
have
seen
ET.
+
You
have
eaten
mine.
-
She
has
not
been
toRome.
-
We
have
not
played
football.
?
Have
you
finished?
?
Have
they
done
it?
Contractionswiththepresentperfecttense
Whenweusethepresentperfecttenseinspeaking,weusuallycontractthesubjectandauxiliaryverb.Wealsosometimesdothiswhenwewrite.
Ihave
I've
Youhave
You've
Hehas
Shehas
Ithas
Johnhas
Thecarhas
He's
She's
It's
John's
Thecar's
Wehave
We've
Theyhave
They've
Herearesomeexamples:
∙I'vefinishedmywork.
∙John'sseenET.
∙They'vegonehome.
HowdoweusethePresentPerfectTense?
Thistenseiscalledthepresentperfecttense.Thereisalwaysaconnectionwiththepastandwiththepresent.Therearebasicallythreeusesforthepresentperfecttense:
1.experience
2.change
3.continuingsituation
1.Presentperfecttenseforexperience
Weoftenusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutexperiencefromthepast.Wearenotinterestedinwhenyoudidsomething.Weonlywanttoknowifyoudidit:
IhaveseenET.
HehaslivedinBangkok.
Haveyoubeenthere?
Wehavenevereatencaviar.
past
present
future
!
!
!
Theactionorstatewasinthepast.
Inmyhead,Ihaveamemorynow.
Connectionwithpast:
theeventwasinthepast.
Connectionwithpresent:
inmyhead,now,Ihaveamemoryoftheevent;Iknowsomethingabouttheevent;Ihaveexperienceofit.
2.Presentperfecttenseforchange
Wealsousethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutachangeornewinformation:
Ihaveboughtacar.
past
present
future
-
+
LastweekIdidn'thaveacar.
NowIhaveacar.
Johnhasbrokenhisleg.
past
present
future
+
-
YesterdayJohnhadagoodleg.
Nowhehasabadleg.
Hasthepricegoneup?
past
present
future
+
-
Wastheprice$1.50yesterday?
Istheprice$1.70today?
Thepolicehavearrestedthekiller.
past
present
future
-
+
Yesterdaythekillerwasfree.
Nowheisinprison.
Connectionwithpast:
thepastistheoppositeofthepresent.
Connectionwithpresent:
thepresentistheoppositeofthepast.
AmericansdonotusethepresentperfecttensesomuchasBritishspeakers.Americansoftenusethepasttenseinstead.AnAmericanmightsay"Didyouhavelunch?
",whereaBritishpersonwouldsay"Haveyouhadlunch?
"
3.Presentperfecttenseforcontinuingsituation
Weoftenusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutacontinuingsituation.Thisisastatethatstartedinthepastandcontinuesinthepresent（andwillprobablycontinueintothefuture）.Thisisastate（notanaction）.Weusuallyusefororsincewiththisstructure.
IhaveworkedheresinceJune.
Hehasbeenillfor2days.
HowlonghaveyouknownTara?
past
present
future
Thesituationstartedinthepast.
Itcontinuesuptonow.
（Itwillprobablycontinueintothefuture.）
Connectionwithpast:
thesituationstartedinthepast.
Connectionwithpresent:
thesituationcontinuesinthepresent.
For&SincewithPresentPerfectTense
Weoftenuseforandsincewiththepresentperfecttense.
∙Weusefortotalkaboutaperiodoftime-5minutes,2weeks,6years.
∙Weusesincetotalkaboutapointinpasttime-9o'clock,1stJanuary,Monday.
for
since
aperiodoftime
apointinpasttime
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