土木工程专业外文文献及翻译.docx

土木工程专业外文文献及翻译.docx

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土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

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二〇一二　年六月

英文原文:

Ｂuｉlding　conｓtructiｏｎconｃｒetｅｃrａcｋof

ｐrevenｔiｏnand　proceｓｓｉｎg

Abｓtraｃt

Ｔｈｅcrａckproblemｏfｃonｃreteis　awidｅspreaｄｅxistencebｕt　againdiｆfｉculｔiｎsolvｅofengineeｒｉｎgaｃtuａｌprｏｂlem,ｔhiｓteｘｔ　carriedｏｎａsｔudyanalｙsｉsｔo　a　liｔtleｂｉtfamilｉａｒcｒａckｐｒｏｂｌemiｎtheｃoｎｃrｅtｅengｉneerinｇ,aｎdａiｍａtｃｏｎｃrｅtethecｉｒcｕmｓｔanｃeｐuｔforwaｒdｓome　pｒevention，prｏcessｉｎgｍeａsure．

Keyｗord:

Cｏncｒeｔeｃｒackｐrevｅnｔionpｒｏcessing

Forewoｒｄ

Concrｅte＇sisiｎｇ　1kinｄisantｉｃｉpateｂｙthｅfｒeeｓtｏnebｏnｅ,cｅment，watｅｒ　aｎd　ｏthｅr　mixｔureｂuｔｆormａtionｏfthe　in　aｄdｉｔioｎ　mateｒｉalｏｆｑualitybrittlenesｓnotandalｌｍaｔeriａl.Becａuｓetheconcreｔｅｃｏｎｓｔrｕcｔionｔraｎsｆoｒｍwｉth　oｎeself,cｏnｔroleｔc．aｓeriesprobleｍ,　harｄenmodelｏf　inthecｏnｃreteexｉstencenｕｍeroustinyhole,　ｓｐiritcａveandｔinycraｃk,　iｓexacｔlyｂｅcaｕsｅthese　begiｎniｎgstａｒtbleｍｉshｏfｅｘｉstenｃe　jｕｓt　ｍａketheｃoｎcｒeｔepresenｔｏne　ｓomｅ　notａｎｄalｌtｈeｃｈａraｃｔerisｔｉcofquaｌity.Thetinｙcraｃkisakindof　ｈarmｌｅsｓｃrａcｋaｎdaccept　concretｅhｅaｖy，dｅfenｄShen　aｎｄa　lｉttlｅｂｉtotherusefunｃtionnot　acｒｅatioｎtoeｎdanger.Butaftertｈeconｃretebesubjｅctedtolotuｓcarrｙ,diffｅrenceintemｐeratuｒeetc．　fuｎｃtiｏn,tｉnｙcrackwouldｃｏnｔiｎuouslyof　eｘｐａnｄwithcoｎnect，endfoｒmationwe　ｃａｎseewithouttheaid　ofｉnｓtｒｕmｅntsoｆmａcro　vｉeｗ　tｈecrack　bｅalsｏthe　crackthatｔｈecoｎｃreｔｅoｆtensay　inｔhｅeｎｇｉｎeeｒiｎg.

CoｎcretebuｉlｄingａndＧouｐiecｅ　usuａllｙａlltaｋesewertomake　oｆ,　because　ofcraｃk　ofexistｅncｅａｎddevｅloｐmｅｎｔusualｌｙｍaｋe　inneｒｐａｒｔｏfrｅｉnfoｒcｉnｇbarｅtｃ．　materiaｌｃrｅａtion　ｄeｃay,ｌowerｒeinｆorｃedcｏncrete　mateｒｉalｏｆloadingabｉliｔy,　durable　ａnｄ　aｎti-Ｓhen　ability,　infｌuence　buildingｏfexternal　ａpｐeａrancｅ,　sｅrvicｅｌife,ｓeverity　ｗilｌ　ｔｈreataｒrｉvepeｏｐle'slifeaｎdｐrｏpertｙsafety．Alotoｆallof　cｒａshｏｆｅngｉneeriｎｇsiｓｂecauseof　theunｓteadｙ　dｅvelｏpｍenｔofｔhe　crａｃｋｗｉththeresuｌｔthat．Modern　ａｇe　sciｅnceｒeｓeａrchwithagreatｄeａl　ｏfｏｆｔhe　conｃrｅtｅｅｎｇineeｒiｎｇprａcticeceｒtｉficate,ｉnｔｈecｏnｃreｔeeｎgineｅring　crackｐroｂleｍis　ineｌuctable,alsｏａｃceptａbleiｎｃertainlyofthescoｐｅjustneedｔoａｄopｔvalｉd　ofmeasure　willitenｄａngeｒdegreecｏnｔrolatcertainof　scoｐeiｎside．Thｅ　rｅinfoｒceｄ　cｏｎｃrete　ｎormｉｓaｌso　exｐlicｉtproｖｉsion:

Someｓtrｕctureatplace　oｆ　ｄissimiｌａrityundertheconditionａllｏwexisｔencｅ　certaintheｃrackoｆ　widｔｈ.Ｂｕtatｕndｅrcoｎstrｕｃtioｎsｈoulｄasｆaraｓpｏssibleａdoｐtavalidmeａsuｒｅcontrｏlcrａｃkcreaｔioｎ,ｍａｋeｔhestｒuctｕrｅdｏn'tappearcrackｐossibly　oｒasfaras　posｓiｂｌedecrｅase　crack　ofａmoｕｎtaｎdwidth,　ｐartiｃularly　ｗａnt　to　asｆaｒａspｏsｓibｌeavoid　harmｆuｌcraｃkofｅmｅrgｅｎce,　inｓurｅenginｅｅrｉnｇqｕaｌiｔy　thus.

Ｃｏncrｅtecrａｃkcｒeaｔｉon　of　thｅrｅason　ｂe　alot　ofaｎd　havealreaｄｙtｒansforｍｅdtｏｃaｕseｏfcrａcｋ:

Sｕchasｔeｍperａturｅvarｉｅｔｙ，　constrｉngency,inflatioｎ,theａｓyｍmｅtrysｉnk　tosiｎk　etｃ．reasｏncauｓeofｃraｃｋ;Ｈave　ｏuｔsiｄecａrry　thｅｃrack　tｈaｔthe　fｕnctｉｏｎcaｕsｅ;Proteｃted　envｉｒoｎmｅntnoｔappｒopriatethｅｃｒacｋetｃ.cａｕｓｅd　withchｅmｉcalefｆｅct.Wａnt　differｅntiationｔo　tｒeaｔｉnｔheactuａlenｇｉneerinｇ,　wｏrk°out　aproblem　ａｃcordingｔｏ　theacｔuaｌcircumstａnｃe．

Inｔheconcreteeｎgiｎｅeｒｉｎgthe　famiｌiarｃrackandtheprｅｖｅnｔion

1．StｅｍSuoｃｒacｋ　ａｎdpreveｎtiｏn

Stemthｅ　Ｓuｏｃracｋmｕchappear　ａfterthecｏncｒeｔeｐrotectbeoｖer　oｆ　ａperiodof　tｉmeoｒconcreｔｅｓpｒinkleto　build　tocompletebeｈiｎdｏｆ　aroundawｅeｋ.Intheｃｅment　sｙｒｕphuｍidityofevaporａｔewoulｄ　creａtionstｅｍSuo，andtｈiskindoｆcｏnstringencyiscan'ｔ　ｎｅgａtive.SteｍSuo　crackofｔhｅcreatｉon　bemaiｎisbｅcauｓeof　cｏncreteinｓideｏutsｉｄｅhumｉｄityｅｖaｐoratedｅｇrｅedｉｓｓimilaritybutcausetoｔranｓformdiｓsｉmilarityof　resuｌt:

Tｈeconｃreｔeissｕbjeｃtedto　exｔeｒiorcondｉtion　ofiｎflｕence,　sｕrfacehumｉdiｔyｌｏｓslead　quick，　tranｓｆormbiggeｒ,innｅr　pａrｔdegree　oｆhumidｉｔyvarieｔysｍａller　trａnｓforｍsmalleｒ,　biggeｒsuｒfａcｅｓteｍtheSｕｏtransformtｏ　beｓuｂjectedtｏｃｏnｃｒeｔｅiｎｎｅrpart　ｃoｎtｒol,creationmoreｂｉgpullshoｕlddinｔbutｃreaｔｉｏn　cｒack.Tｈｅrelａｔivehumｉdiｔｙ　ismoｒｅ　low,　ｃement　sｙruｐbodｙstemＳuomorｅｂig，ｓtem　thｅSuo　crａckbｅmｏreｅasycreaｔｉon．StemtheSuo　ｃｒａｃｋｉsmuｃh　sｕｒfacepａraｌlellinesformｏr　ｔhenｅｔsｈallowｔｈincｒａck,ｗｉdｔhｍanyｂｅtweｅn　0.０５-0．2ｍm,tｈeｆｌａtsuｒfａcｅ　partmuｃhseeiｎtheｂigphysicaｌvoｌumｅ　ｃｏncreteaｎd　folｌowｉtmore　inthｉｎnｅｒbeａｍplankshｏｒttodｉｓｔriｂute.StemSuocrack　uｓuallythe　ａnｔi-Shenoｆiｎfluence　coｎcrｅtｅ,cauｓｅ　the　ｄurａblｅoｆtｈｅrusteclipｓｅ　infｌuencｅconcrｅte　ｏfrｅｉnfoｒcing　ｂar,unｄertｈefunctiｏnｏfthe　ｗaterpressuｒedｉntwould　crｅation　ｔhewaterpｏwerspliｔ　craｃkiｎfluｅｎcｅｃoncrｅteｏflｏａding　dintetc．.Conｃｒeｔｅstem　ｔｈe　Suo　bemainｗith　ｗａtｅraｓh　oｆｔheconｃrｅtｅ　ratｉo,ｔhｅdosaｇeｏfｔheｃｏmｐｏsitｉon,ｃemenｔｏｆcement，gatheｒ　toａntｉｃｉpate　oｆtheｄoｓagｅofthe　proｐertyaｎｄdosage，iｎ　ａｄditｉonｅtc.　relevａnt.

Maｉnｐｒevｅnｔion　ｍeａsurｅ:

Ｗhiｌebeｉngto　choosｅtｏuｓｅｔheconｓtrinｇencyquanｔiｔysmallercemeｎt,genｅrａllow　hotwater　mire　andｐowderaｓhｆｒｏｍstoveｃeｍeｎtｉntheaｄoption，lowerｔhedosａgｅofcｅｍent.Ｔwｏisaｃｏncｒeｔｅ　ofstem　ｔｈｅ　Sｕobe　ｓuｂjeｃtｅdｔｏwaｔerasｈｒatｉoｏfｉｎfluｅｎce　morｅ　biｇ,watｅrash　ratiomorｅ　ｂｉｇ,stemSuoｍoreｂig，soiｎｔhｅconcｒetematch　the　rａｔｉotheｄesign　shouldaｓfａｒaspossibleｃontrｏlｇｏod　watｅrａshｒatioof　choose　toｕsｅ,　theＣhan　ａddin　thｅmeanｔimeａccommodａtion　oｆ　rｅducｅ　ｗater．Three　issｔricｔｃontrolconcreｔemｉxblend　withuｎｄerｃonstrｕctｉoｎoｆmatch　ratio,　ｕｓeofcoｎｃreｔeｗaｔｅｒ　ｑｕanｔｉtyaｂsｏluｔecaｎ'tbigiｎｍatｃｈ　ｒａｔio　design　givesettle　ｏfｕｓewater　ｑuaｎtity.Fｏur　is　the　earlieｒ　period　ｗhiｃhstreｎgthｅnｃonｃｒeｔetoprotect,anｄａpprｏpｒｉateexｔensｉｏnｐrotｅcｔoｆconｃrｅtetｉme.Wiｎtｅrcｏnstrｕｃｔion　ｗanｔ　to　ｂeapprｏprｉatｅｅxtｅnsion　cｏｎcrete　heaｔ　preseｒｖａtion　toｏｖｅrｌａｙｔime,ａnd　Tu2Sｈua　protect　ｔｏｐrｏｔｅct.Five　isａconｓtｉtutiｏn　theaccomｍodationisiｎtheconcrｅte　sｔructurｅoftheconsｔｒiｎgenｃyseｗ.

２.TheSuconstringencyｃrackａｎd　prevｅntiｏn

Su　cｏnｓtringｅnｃyｉsthｅconcretｅisbeforecｏｎdeｎse,surfａcebecauseｏflosewatｅｒquickerbｕｔ　cｒeationｏｆconsｔｒingｅncｙ.TheSuconstｒｉngｅnｃycｒackisgｅneralat　dryｈｅatorstrong　wind　ｔｈｅweａtｈerappeaｒ,　cｒack＇smuｃhprｅsentingｉntheｃeｎtｅr　breａdｔh，　bothｅndsbeｉｎｔhecenterｔhinａndtheｌｅngth　bｅdifferent,witheachotheｒ　notｃｏｈｅrentapｐearance.Shoｒtercraｃk　gｅnerａllong20-3０　cm，thelｏngｅｒcrackcanｒeａch　toａ　2-3m,　breadth１-5mm.Itｃreatｉｏnofmaｉn　reaｓｏｎ　is：

Thｅｃonｃreteｉseventuallyaｌmosｔ　ｈaｖiｎｇno　strengthoｒstｒengthbｅforｅtheNingvｅry　sｍａll，perｈａpsconcreｔe　justeveｎｔuallyNingbｕtstｒeｎgthｖery　hour，　be　subjｅctｅdtohｅａtoｒｃｏmpａresｔronｇwinddint　ofinflｕence,　theconcretesurｆacelｏsewａteｒ　toｌeａd　quicｋ，　resultｉnin　ｔｈecapiｌｌaryｃreaｔionｂigger　ｎegativepressbutmakeaconcｒｅteｐｈysｉcａlvolｕmeｓharplyｃonstｒiｎgency,but　at　tｈistiｍeｔhｅstrenｇthoｆ　conｃrｅtｅagaｉncａn＇tresistitscoｎｓtｒｉnｇｅncｙ,　ｔｈｅrｅfoｒecｒeatｉoｎ　ｃracked．The　influeｎcｅcｏｎcｒｅteSucoｎsｔrinｇencyopenthｅ　mainfactorｏf　crａcktoｈave　water　ashrａtｉo,conｃretｅ　ofcondensｅ　time,environmentｔｅmｐerａturｅ,winｄvelocity,rｅｌativehumidity.．．etc．.

Ｍainｐrevｅnｔion　mｅaｓｕre:

Ｏne　ｉs　choosetｏuｓｅ　ｓtｅmｔheSuoｖaｌueｓｍaｌlerｈｉｇhｅrHuｏsｏuｒ　saltｏfｔhｅｅarｌierperiod　sｔrength　ｏrｃommonthe　Huｏｓｏｕrbriｎe　mｉre.Twoｉssｔrict　tｈecontrｏlｗatｅrash　raｔio,ｔheChａnaddto　eｆfiｃientｌy　redｕｃeｗａtｅrｔoincrｅmenｔ　tｈe　collapseofconｃretefａlladegreｅaｎdwitheasy，　dｅcreasecemenｔaｎdwateroｆ　dosａgｅ．Threｅistｏ　sｐrinkle　bｅｆorｅ　buiｌｄing　ｃonｃreｔe,waｔerｂａsicleｖel　and　temｐｌateｅventosｏａｋ　through.Fourisｉntimeto　ｏvｅrｌａy　theperhaｐsdampgraｓｓｍaｔofthe　plasticsthｉnｆiｌm，ｈempｓlｉceｅtc．,keepconcreｔe　eveｎtuａｌlybeforｅ　thｅＮｉngsｕrfaceis　ｍoiｓｔ，ｐerhapsspraｙtｏｐｒｏtectｅtc.tocarryｏnprｏｔeｃtｉnthecｏncretesurface.Ｆiveisinｔheheatand　stroｎgwindｔhｅweatｈertowaｎttoeｓｔａbliｓｈtohidｅsunanｄbloｃkbreezｅfacilities,prｏｔeｃt　iｎ　time．

３．Sinkto　ｓiｎkcraｃkａndpｒevｅntiｏn

Ｔhecreationwｈｉchsiｎktoｓiｎk　cracｋ　ｉsbecauseoｆthestｒucturｅ　foｕｎdatiｏn　ｓoiｌqｕality　notａndｅveｎly，　lｏosesofｔｏｒreturｎｔofillsoｉlｄisｈｏnestorsoａkinwateｒbut　resultinthe　aｓｙｍmetrｙ　ｓink　todｅcliｎeｗｉthｔｈｅrｅsulｔthａｔ;Ｐｅrhapｓbecaｕse　ｏf　teｍplaｔeｊustdｅgreesｈortａｇｅ,ｔheｔemplateｐropｐedｕptｏ　oncebeapaｒtfrom　bigｏｒprｏp　uｐｂｏttomlｏosemｏveｅｔc.to　causｅ,esｐｅciallyatwiｎtｅｒ,the　templaｔｅpropupａt　jellysoｉl　up，jellｙthesoiltuｒnｊｅｌlyempｒｅsｓcrｅatiｏnasymｍetrytosinktodeｃｌiｎeand　causｅ　ｃoncrete　stｒｕｃｔuｒecreaｔioncｒaｃk．Tｈiskindcｒackｍanyis　deeｐentｅr　ｏrｐｉｅｒcｅ　througｈsｅｘｃrack,　itａlignment　haｖesｏmethingｔo　dｏｗith　sinkingtosinka　circｕmstaｎｃｅ,　geｎeralfｏllowwithgｒoundperｐenｄiｃulａｒorpｒｅｓent30°ｓ-4５°Caｐｅｄirectｉoｎdeｖelopment,ｂigｇersink　tｏsinkｃrack,ｕsuaｌly　ｈａveｃertainofwrｏｎg,ｃrackｗidtｈusuａllyｗithｓｉｎktｏｄecｌinequantiｔｙ　directprｏportｉonrelation．Ｃraｃkwidtｈ　undｅrｔhe　inｆｌｕｅnceoｆtemｐeｒａtｕrevariｅty　smａｌｌeｒ．The　foｕndａtionaｆｔerｔrａｎsformstａbiliｔysinktosｉnｋ　ｃrackalso　basicｔend　inｓｔａｂiｌｉtｙ．

Mａinｐrevenｔion　mｅasure:

Oneisｒigｈｔnesｓｌｏｏsｅsoｆtsoil,　rｅturn　toｆilｌsoilfoundａtioｎacｏnstrucｔｉonatｔhe　ｕｐpeｒ　parｔstｒuctuｒefｒoｎt　shouldcarrｙ　onnecessityoｆＨａngｓｏlｉdwithreinforｃe.Twoiｓthesｔreｎgth　tｈatassuraｎｃetemplaｔｅ　ｉsｅnougｈanｄｊuｓｔdｅgｒｅe，andprｏpｕｐｆirm,ａnd　mａkｅ　the　foundationbesuｂｊectｅdtｏdｉｎteven.Ｔhrｅe　is　ｋｅｅｐconｃｒeｔefromspｒinkｌeinfusingｔhｅfoｕｎｄaｔｉonｉnｔheｐroceｓsis　soaｋｂy　ｗａter.Ｆｏｕristｉｍeｔhａtｔemplａtetore　ｄownto　ｃan't　bｅtｏo　eaｒly,andwaｎttｏ　ｎotｉceｔｏdｉsmａntleａmoｌdoｒdｅｒofseｑｕｅnｃｅ.Fｉve　isaｔjellｙｓoiｌ　toptａkeｔo　ｅｓtabｌishtemplate　tonoticｅtoadoｐtceｒtaiｎofｐrｅventioｎmeaｓｕre.

4．Temperaｔurecrackanｄｐｒevention

Tempｅrature　crａｃk　muchtheoccurｒenceiｓinbigsurfａｃeoｒ　diｆｆｅrenceｉnｔemperature　vaｒiｅtyof　tｈe　phｙｓｉｃaｌｖolｕmeconcretecomparｅ　thｅｅaｒtｈarｅaofｔheconcｒｅｔｅstructｕｒｅ.Conｃｒetｅ　aｆtersprinkｌingtobuild，　iｎthe　hａｒｄeniｎg　tｈe　ｐrｏceｓs，cemｅnｔwａterturnａｃreatｉｏna　ｇreａｔdealoｆ　ofwaｔerturnhｏt，.（beｔhe　ceｍｅntｄosａｇeiｓinth