自动化信息.docx

自动化信息.docx

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自动化信息

英文部分：

Theinformationofautomation

Automationoverviewofthemachineordeviceintheabsenceofinterventionproceduresorinstructionsrequiredautomaticoperationorcontroloftheprocess,itsobjectiveis"steady,accurate,quick."Automationtechnologyiswidelyusedinindustry,agriculture,military,scientificresearch,transportation,business,health,services,andthefamily.Notonlycanautomatedtechnologyfromheavymanuallabor,partofthementalandthepooranddangerousworkingenvironmentfreed,butalsotoexpandpeople'sorganfunction,significantlyraisinglaborproductivity,andadvancinghumanunderstandingoftheworldandtheabilitytochangetheworld.Therefore,theautomationofindustrial,agricultural,nationaldefenseandscienceandtechnologyanimportantconditionforthemodernizationandsignificantsigns.

Thedevelopmentofautomationin1946,theUnitedStatesFordmechanicalengineerDSHudsonwasfirstputforwardthe"automatic"thetermusedtodescribetheenginecylinderandautomatictransmissionandprocessingprocess.50's,automaticregulatorandthedevelopmentofclassicalcontroltheorytoautomateaccesstoasinglevariableautomaticcontrolsystembasedpartialautomationstage.60's,withtheemergenceofmoderncontroltheoryandthewideapplicationofcomputer,automaticcontrolandinformationprocessing,andensurethattheproductionprocessautomationintotheoptimalcontrolandmanagementofintegratedautomationstage.70's,automationbecomestheobjectoflarge-scale,complexprojectsandnon-engineeringsystems,moderncontroltheoryinvolvesmanydifficultproblems.Researchontheseissues,topromotetheautomationofthetheories,methodsandmeansofinnovation,therewasalargecomplexsystem,systemcontrolandintelligentcontrolsystems,therehasbeencomprehensiveutilizationofcomputer,communicationstechnology,systemsengineeringandartificialintelligenceandotherhigh-levelresultsautomationsystems,suchasflexiblemanufacturingsystems,officeautomation,intelligentrobots,expertsystems,decisionsupportsystems,computerintegratedmanufacturingsystems.Theemergenceofautomaticdevicesandapplicationsareinthe18centuriesago.Ancienthumanlong-termproductionandlife,inordertoreducetheirownlabor,hastheeffectofpowerinsteadofusingnaturalhumananimal,andtheuseofautomaticdevicestoreplacepartsofhumanintellectualactivityinvoluteddesire,afteralongtimeandtheexplorationoftheirunrelatedtoZaochusomeoftheoriginalautomaticdevices.AncientChinaGuidecarandwatchthe17thcenturyoccurredinEuropeandwindmillcontroldevice,althoughtheinventionisunrelated,buttheformationofautomationtechnologyhasplayedaleadingrole.

Automationtechnologyinthe18thcenturyduringtheformationof20century30s.1788J.Watt'sinventionoftheBritishengineerscentrifugalgovernor（alsoknownasflyballgovernor）,andputitwiththesteamenginevalveconnectedtoformaclosed-loopsteamenginespeedcontrolsystem.Watt'sinventionusheredinthemoderneraofautomaticadjustmentdeviceapplications,onthefirstindustrialrevolutionandthesubsequentdevelopmentofcontroltheory,haveamajorimpact.Peoplebegantouseautomaticadjustmentdevice,todealwiththeindustrialproductionofthecontrolproblem.Someoftheseregulatorsaredevicesthattrackthegivenvalue,sothatsomephysicalquantitiesremaininthevicinityofagivenvalue.AutomaticRegulatorsintheautomationtechnologymarksanewhistoricalperiod.Ofthe20thcentury,iswidelyusedinindustrialproductionofvariousauto-adjustingdeviceforadjustingthesystemofanalysisandsynthesisofresearch.Althoughthisperiodintheautomaticregulatorfeedbackcontrolhasbeenwidelyappliedinthestructure,butintheorytheprincipleoffeedbackcontrolis20yearsfromthebeginningofthe20thcentury.1833,BritishmathematicianC.Babbageinthedesignofmachinefirstproposedtheprincipleofprocesscontrol.939systemandcontroltheworld'sfirstprofessionalresearchinstitutionestablishedinthe20thcenturytheformationofclassicalcontroltheory40yearsandmadeatheoreticaldevelopmentoflocalautomationandorganizationalpreparation.

40to50yearsofthe20thcenturyisthepartialautomationoftheformationduringtheWorldWarIIclassiccontroltheoryispartialautomationofthepost-wardevelopmenthasplayedanimportantroleinpromoting.Formedinthecourseoftheproblemofclassicalcontroltheory,thedesignofasophisticatedautomaticadjustmentdevice,creatingasystemandcontrolthisnewfieldofscience.ThisnewdisciplinewascalledservotheoryintheUnitedStates,theSovietUnionknownastheautomaticadjustmenttheory,mainlytoresolvethesingle-variablecontrolproblem.Classicalcontroltheory,thenamewasthe1960JointAutomaticControlatthefirstmeetingofthenationputforward.Asthewarin1945afterthepublicationbanlifted,therehasbeensystematicallyexpoundedtheworksofclassicalcontroltheory.1945,AmericanmathematicianWiener,N.Theconceptofthefeedbackcontrolsystemextendedtoall.50yearslater,classicalcontroltheoryhasmanynewdevelopments..MethodofclassicalcontroltheorycanbasicallymeettheneedsofmilitarytechnologyduringWorldWarIIandthepost-warindustrialdevelopmentneeds.Butbythelate50sfoundthattheclassicalcontroltheoryisextendedtomultivariablesystemscometothewrongconclusion.Classicalcontroltheoryapproachhasitslimitations.

40yearsinthe20thcenturyinventedtheelectronicdigitalcomputertocreateaneweraofdigitalprogramcontrol,whileitwaslimitedtoautomaticcalculation,butthesuccessofENIACandEDVACmanufacturing,creatinganeweraofelectronicdigitalprogramcontrol.Theinventionofelectronicdigitalcomputersforthe60to70yearsinthecontrolsystemlogiciswidelyusedinprocesscontrolandextensiveapplicationofelectronicdigitalcomputercontrolanddirectcontrolofproductionbasis.Sincethelate20thcentury,since50isacomprehensiveautomationperiod,therapiddevelopmentofspacetechnologyduringthisperiod,theurgentneedtoaddressthemulti-variableoptimalcontrolproblem.Thuswasbornthemoderncontroltheory.Moderncontroltheoryfortheformationanddevelopmentofintegratedautomationandlaidatheoreticalfoundation.Atthesametimeanewbreakthroughinmicroelectronicstechnology.Transistorcomputerin1958,appearedin1965ICcomputerappeared,in1971andsingle-chipmicroprocessor.Theemergenceofmicroprocessorcontroltechnologyhadamajorimpact,controlengineerscaneasilyusetoachievethecomplexmicroprocessorcontroltointegratedautomationareality.

"Automation（Automation）"isanAmericanDSHarderin1936,heproposedthatinaproductionprocess,thetransferofpartsbetweenmachinesdonothavepeopletocarryisthe"automation."Theconceptofautomationisadynamicprocessofdevelopment.Inthepast,people'sunderstandingoftheautomationorautomatedmechanicalactionfunctionalgoalistoreplacethehumanoperator,automaticallycompleteaparticularjob.Thisisessentiallyautomaticinsteadofmanualhumanpointofview.Later,withtheelectronicsandinformationtechnology,especiallywiththeemergenceofthecomputer,andextensiveapplicationoftheconceptofautomationhasbeenextendedfortheuseofmachinery（includingcomputers）insteadofpeoplenotonlyphysicalbutalsomentalreplaceorassisttoautomaticallycompleteaspecificjob.Today,theconceptseemstoautomationisnotperfect.Goaloftheautomatedfunctionsasmachinesreplacehumanmanualormentallaborisrelativelynarrowunderstanding.Thisisunderstandableandeventosomeextenthinderedthedevelopmentofautomationtechnology,forexample,somepeoplebelievethatChina'spopulation,engageinnogreatneedforautomation.Today,automationhasfarexceededthetraditionalconceptwithamorebroadandprofoundmeanings.

Automationofgeneralizedcontentincludeatleastthefollowing:

intheformofmanufacturingautomationhasthreemeanings:

toreplacehumanmanuallabor,toreplaceorassistpeoplemental,man-machinemanufacturingsystemsandsystem-widecoordination,management,controlandoptimization.Function,theautomationofmanualormentalworkinsteadofpeopleisonlypartoftheobjectivesystemautomation.Automationfeaturesanumberofobjectives,hasformedanorganicsystem.Inthescopeofmanufacturingautomationisnotonlyrelatedtothespecificmanufacturingprocess,butalltheprocessesinvolvedintheproductlifecycle.Automationisadynamicconcept,hasaverybroadanddeepcontent.ManufacturingAutomationTechnologycurrentlyveryactive

Trendsofmodernproductionandthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,automationtechnologybecomesmoreandmoredemands,butalsoforinnovativeautomationtechnologytoprovidethenecessaryconditions.After70years,begantoautomatecomplexsystemcontrolandadvancedthedevelopmentofintelligentcontrol,andwidelyusedinnationaldefense,scientificandeconomicfields,toachievegreaterautomation,suchaslargeenterpriseintegratedautomationsystem,thenationalrailwayautomaticschedulingsystem,thenationalgridautomaticschedulingsystem,airtrafficcontrolsystems,urbantrafficcontrolsystems,automatedcommandsystem,nationaleconomicmanagementsystem.Theapplicationofautomationinthefieldofengineeringextendedtonon-engineeringfields,suchasmedicalautomation,populationcontrol,economicmanagementandautomation.Automationwillbegreaterimitationofhumanintelligence,robotshavebeenintheindu