上海外国语大学高级翻译学院翻译硕士入学真题.docx

上海外国语大学高级翻译学院翻译硕士入学真题.docx

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上海外国语大学高级翻译学院翻译硕士入学真题

上海外国语大学高级翻译学院2012年翻译硕士入学真题 

词语翻译：

30’

1.Austeritymeasures

2.UNSECO

3.TheUSSenate

4.APEC

5.WashingtonPost

6.NATO

7.ArabSpring

8.GaryLocke

9.Reuters

10.WallStreetJournal

1.十二五规划

2.十七届六中全会

3.全国人大

4.新华社

5.软实力

6.中美战略经济对话

7.上海合作组织

8.珠江三角洲

9.“西气东输”

10.北京共识

短文翻译

E-C

Thegreatschoolsrevolution

ByTheEconomist

FromTheEconomist

Published:

September23,2011

Educationremainsthetrickiestpartofattemptstoreformthepublicsector.Butasevermorecountriesembarkonit,somevitallessonsarebeginningtobelearned

FROMTorontotoWroclaw,LondontoRome,pupilsandteachershavebeenreturningtotheclassroomaftertheirsummerbreak.ButthisSeptemberschoolsthemselvesarecaughtupinaglobalbattleofideas.Inmanycountrieseducationisattheforefrontofpoliticaldebate,andreformersdesperatetoimprovetheirnationalperformancearedrawingexamplesofgoodpracticefromallovertheworld.

Whynow?

Oneansweristhesheeramountofdataavailableonperformance,notjustwithincountriesbutbetweenthem.In2000theProgrammeforInternationalStudentAssessment（PISA）attheOECD,arich-countryclub,begantrackingacademicattainmentbytheageof15in32countries.Manywereshockedbywheretheycameintherankings.（PISA'slatestfiguresappearintable1.）Otheroutfits,too,havebeenmeasuringhowgoodorbadschoolsare.McKinsey,aconsultancy,hasmonitoredwhicheducationsystemshaveimprovedmostinrecentyears.

Technologyhasalsomadeadifference.Afteranumberoffalsestarts,manypeoplenowbelievethattheinternetcanmakearealdifferencetoeducatingchildren.HencethesuccessofinstitutionslikeAmerica'sKahnAcademy.Experimentationisalsoinfectious;themoregovernmentstrythings,themoreothersexamine,andcopy,theresults.

Aboveall,though,therehasbeenachangeinthequalityofthedebate.Inparticular,whatmightbecalled"thethreegreatexcuses"forbadschoolshaverecededinimportance.Teachers'unionshavelongmaintainedthatfailuresinWesterneducationcouldbeblamedonskimpygovernmentspending,socialclassandculturesthatdidnotvalueeducation.Allthesemakeadifference,buttheydonotdetermineoutcomesbythemselves.

Theideathatgoodschoolingisaboutspendingmoneyistheonethathasbeenbeatenbackhardest.Manyofthe20leadingeconomicperformersintheOECDdoubledortripledtheireducationspendinginrealtermsbetween1970and1994,yetoutcomesinmanycountriesstagnated—orwentbackwards.Educationalperformancevarieswidelyevenamongcountriesthatspendsimilaramountsperpupil.SuchspendingishighestintheUnitedStates—yetAmericalagsbehindotherdevelopedcountriesonoveralloutcomesinsecondaryeducation.AndreasSchleicher,headofanalysisatPISA,thinksthatonlyabout10%ofthevariationinpupilperformancehasanythingtodowithmoney.

Manystillinsist,though,thatsocialclassmakesadifference.MartinJohnson,aneducationtradeunionist,pointstoBritain's"inequalitybetweenclasses,whichisamongthelargestinthewealthiestnations"asthemainreasonwhyitspupilsunderperform.AreviewofreformsoverthepastdecadebyresearchersatOxfordUniversitysupportshim."Despiterisingattainmentlevels,"itconcludes,"therehasbeenlittlenarrowingoflongstandingandsizeableattainmentgaps.Thosefromdisadvantagedbackgroundsremainathigherrisksofpooroutcomes."Americanstudiesconfirmthepoint;DanGoldhaberoftheUniversityofWashingtonclaimsthat"non-schoolfactors",suchasfamilyincome,accountforasmuchas60%ofachild'sperformanceinschool.

Yetthelinkismuchmorevariablethaneducationegalitarianssuggest.Australia,forinstance,haswidediscrepanciesofincome,butcameacreditableninthinthemostrecentPISAstudy.China,rapidlydevelopingintooneoftheworld'sleastequalsocieties,finishedfirst.

Cultureiscertainlyafactor.ManyAsianparentspaymuchmoreattentiontotheirchildren'stestresultsthanWesternonesdo,andpushtheirschoolstosucceed.Singapore,HongKongandSouthKoreasitcomfortablyatthetopofMcKinsey'srankings（seetable2）.ButnotonlydosomeWesterncountriesdofairlywell;therearealsohugedifferenceswithinthem.EvenifyouputtoonesidetheunusualAsians,asthisbriefingwillnowdo,manyWesternsystemscouldjumpforwardmerelybybringingtheirworstschoolsuptothestandardoftheirbest.

C-E

社会实践是法律的基础，法律是实践经验的总结、提炼。

社会实践永无止境，法律体系也要与时俱进。

建设中国特色社会主义是一项长期的历史任务，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系同样是一项长期而又艰巨的任务，必须随着中国特色社会主义实践的发展不断向前推进。

法律的生命力在于实施。

中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成，总体上解决了有法可依的问题，对有法必依、执法必严、违法必究提出了更为突出、更加紧迫的要求。

中国将积极采取有效措施，切实保障宪法和法律的有效实施，加快推进依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家的进程。

ThefutureoftheEU

Two-speedEurope,ortwoEuropes?

Nov10th2011,2:

23byCharlemagne|BRUSSELS

NICOLASSarkozyiscausingabigstiraftercallingonNovember8thforatwo-speedEurope:

a“federal”coreofthe17membersoftheeurozone,withalooser“confederal”outerbandofthetennon-euromembers.HemadethecommentsduringadebatewithstudentsattheUniversityofStrasbourg.Thekeypassageisbelow（videohere,startingnearthe63-minutemark）

“Youcannotmakeasinglecurrencywithouteconomicconvergenceandeconomicintegration.It'simpossible.Butonthecontrary,onecannotpleadforfederalismandatthesametimefortheenlargementofEurope.It'simpossible.There'sacontradiction.Weare27.WewillobviouslyhavetoopenuptotheBalkans.Wewillbe32,33or34.Iimaginethatnobodythinksthatfederalism—totalintegration—ispossibleat33,34,35countries.

Sowhatonewedo?

Tobeginwith,frankly,thesinglecurrencyisawonderfulidea,butitwasstrangetocreateitwithoutaskingoneselfthequestionofitsgovernance,andwithoutaskingoneselfabouteconomicconvergence.Honestly,it'snicetohaveavision,buttherearedetailsthataremissing:

wemadeacurrency,butwekeptfiscalsystemsandeconomicsystemsthatnotonlywerenotconverging,butwerediverging.Andnotonlydidwemakeasinglecurrencywithoutconvergence,butwetriedtoundotherulesofthepact.Itcannotwork.

Therewillnotbeasinglecurrencywithoutgreatereconomicintegrationandconvergence.Thatiscertain.Andthatiswherewearegoing.Mustonehavethesamerulesforthe27?

No.Absolutelynot[...]Intheend,clearly,therewillbetwoEuropeangears:

onegeartowardsmoreintegrationintheeurozoneandagearthatismoreconfederalintheEuropeanUnion.”

Atfirstblushthisisstatementoftheblindinglyobvious.Theeurozonemustintegratetosaveitself;eventheBritishsayso.Andamongthetennon-eurostatesoftheEUtherearecountriessuchasBritainandDenmarkthathavenointentionofjoiningthesinglecurrency.

TheEuropeanUnionis,inasense,madeupnotoftwobutofmultiplespeeds.Thinkonlyofthe25membersoftheSchengenpassport-freetravelzone（excludingBritainbutincludingsomenon-EUmembers）,orofthe25statesseekingtocreateacommonpatent（includingBritain,butexcludingItalyandSpain）.

ButMrSarkozy’scommentsaremoreworryingbecause,onesuspects,hewantstocreateanexclusivist,protectionisteurozonethatseekstodetachitselffromtherestoftheEuropeanUnion.ElsewhereinthedebateinStrasbourg,forinstance,MrSarkozyseemstosuggestthatEurope’stroubles—debtandhighunemployment—areallthefaultofsocial,environmentalandmonetary“dumping”bydevelopingcountriesthatpursue“aggressive”tradepolicies.

ForanotherinsightintoMrSarkozy’sthinkingaboutEurope,oneshouldlistentoaninterviewhegaveafewdaysearlier,attheendofthemarathon-summitryinBrusselsattheendofOctober:

“Idon'tthinkthereisenougheconomicintegrationintheeurozone,the17,andtoomuchintegrationintheEuropeanUnionat27.”

Inotherwords,France,orMrSarkozyatanyrate,doesnotappeartohavegotoveritsresentmentoftheEU’senlargement.At27nations-strong,theEuropeanUnionistoobigforFrancetolorditovertherestandistooliberalineconomictermsforFrance’sprotectionistleanings.HenceMrSarkozy’syearningforasmaller,cosier,“federalist”eurozone.

ThischimeswiththeideaofaKerneuropa（"coreEurope"）promotedin1994byKarlLamersandWolfgangSchäuble,whohappenstobeGermany'scurrentfinanceminister.Intriguingly,itisthefirsttimethatMrSarkozy,oncesomethingofascepticofEuropeanintegration,hasspokenpubliclyabout“federalism”,althoughhehadmadeasimilarcommentinprivatetoEuropeanleadersinMarch（seemycolumn）.ItechoestheviewsofMrSarkozy'sSocialistpredecessor,FrançoisMitterrand.

SuchideasappearedtohavebeenkilledoffbythelargeeastwardenlargementoftheEUin2004,andbytheFrenchvoters’rejectionoftheEU'snewconstitutionin2005.Buttheeurozone’sdebtcrisisisrevivingtheseolddreams.

Butwhatsortoffederalism?

MrSarkozyprobablywantstocreateaeurozoneinFrance’simage,withpower（andmuchdiscretion）concentratedinthehandsofleaders,wherethe“Merkozy”duo（AngelaMerkelandNicolasSarkozy）willdominate.Germanywillnodoubtwantareplicaofitsownfederalsystem,withstrongrulesandpowerfulindependentinstitutionstoconstrainpoliticians.LeMondecarriesaseriesofarticles（inFrench）onwhatatwo-speedEuropemaymean.

Iftheeurozonesurvivesthecrisis—andthemeltdownofItaly’sbondsinthemarketssuggeststhatisbecomingevermoredifficult—itwillplainlyrequiredeepreformoftheEU’streaties.Doneproperly,bykeepingtheeuroopentocountriesthatwanttojoin（likePoland）anddeepeningthesinglemarketforthos