商务英语初级考试冲刺试题及答案.docx

商务英语初级考试冲刺试题及答案.docx

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商务英语初级考试冲刺试题及答案

2010年下半年商务英语初级考试冲刺试题及答案

　　Reading1hour

　　PARTONE

　　Questions1–8

　　Lookatthesentencesbelowandatthefiveextractsfromabookaboutstaffappraisalsandfeedbackontheoppositepage.

　　Whichnewitem（A,B,C,DorE）doseeachstatement1–8referto?

　　Foreachstatement1–8,makeoneletter（A,B,C,DorE）onyourAnswerSheet.

　　Youwillneedtousesomeoftheselettersmorethanonce.

　　1Genuinefeedbackwouldreleaseresourcestobeusedelsewhere.

　　2Managersareexpectedtoenabletheirstafftoworkeffectively.

　　3Expertsareunlikelytofacilitateamovetogenuinefeedback.

　　4Therearebenefitswhenmethodsofevaluatingperformancehavebeennegotiated.

　　5Appraisalstendtofocusonthenatureoftheface-to-facerelationshipbetweenemployeesandtheirlinemanagers.

　　6Theideathatemployeesareresponsibleforwhattheydoseemsreasonable.

　　7Despiteexperts’assertion,managementstructurespreventgenuinefeedback

　　8Anincreasingamountofeffortisbeingdedicatedtotheappraisalprocess.

　　A

　　Performanceappraisalisontheupandup.Itusedtorepresenttheonetimeofyearwhengettingonwiththeworkwasputonholdwhileenormousquantitiesofmanagementhourswerespentintheearnestritualofratingandrankingperformance.Nowthepracticeisevenmorefrequent.Thisofcoursemakesitallthemoreimportanthowappraisalisconducted.Humanresourcesprofessionalsclaimthatmanagersshouldstriveforobjectivityandthusforfeedbackratherthanjudgement.Butthesimplefactofthematteristhatthenatureofhierarchydistortstheconceptoffeedbackbecauseperformancemeasureareconceivedhierarchically.Unfortunately,alltoomanyworkerssufferfromtheinjusticesthatthisgenerates.

　　B

　　Thenotionbehindperformanceappraisal-thatworkersshouldbeheldaccountablefortheirperformance-isplausible.However,theevidencesuggeststhatthepremiseiswrong.Contrarytoassumptionsappraisalisnotaneffectivemeansofperformanceimprovement-itisjudgementimposedratherthanfeedback,ajudgementimposedbythehierarchy.Usefulfeedback,ontheotherhand,wouldbeinformationthattoldboththemanagerandworkerhowwelltheworksystemfunctioned,andsuggestedwaystomakeitbetter.

　　C

　　WithintheproductionsystematthecarmanufacturerToyota,thereisnothingthatisrecognizableasperformanceappraisal.Everyoperationinthesystemhasanassociatedmeasure.Themeasurehasbeenworkedoutbetweentheoperatorsandtheirmanager.Ineverycase,themeasureisrelatedtothepurposeofthework.Thatmeasureisthebasisoffeedbacktothemanagerandworkeralike.Toyota’sbasicideaisexpressedintheaxiom“badnewsfirst”.Bothmanagersandworkersarepsychologicallysafeintheknowledgethatitisthesystem-nottheworker–thatistheprimaryinfluenceonperformance.Itismanagement’sresponsibilitytoensurethattheworkersoperateinasystemthatfacilitatestheirperformance.

　　D

　　Inmanycompanies,performanceappraisalspringsfrommisguidedasassumptions.Tojudgeachievement,managersusedateabouteachworker’sactivity,notanevaluationoftheprocessorsystem’sachievementofpurpose.Theresultisthatperformanceappraisalinvolvesmanagers’judgementoverrulingtheirstaff’s,ignoringthetrueinfluencesonperformance.Thustheappraisalexperiencebecomesaquestionofpleasingtheboss,particularlyinmeetings,whichispsychologicallyunsafeandsociallydriven,determiningwhois“in”andwhois“out”.

　　E

　　Whenjudgementisreplacedbyfeedbackinthetruesense,organizationswillhavealotmoretimetodevotetotheircustomersandtheirbusiness.Notimewillbewastedinappraisal.Thisrequiresafundamentalshiftinthewaywethinkabouttheorganizationofperformanceappraisals,whichalmostcertainlywillnotbeforthcomingfromthehumanresourcesprofession.

　PARTTWO

　　Questions9–14

　　Readthetextaboutcareer-planningservices.

　　Choosethebestsentencefromtheoppositepagetofilleachofthegaps.

　　Foreachgap9–14,markoneletter（A-H）onyourAnswerSheet.

　　Donotuseanylettermorethanonce.

　　Thereisanexampleatthebeginning.（0）

　　YourCareerPathCanLeadYouAnywhere

　　Weusedtobeadvisedtoplanourcareers.Weweretoldtomakeaplanduringthelaterstagesofoureducationandcontinuewithitthroughourworkinglives.（0）_____somepeoplestillseecareersinthisway.However,topursueasingleoptionforlifehasalwaysbeenunrealistic.

　　Planningforasinglecareerassumesthatwesetoutwithafullunderstandingofourlikesanddislikesandtheemploymentopportunitiesopentous.（9）____Formostpeoplethisdegreeofcertaintyaboutthefuturedoesnotexist.

　　Ourinitialchoiceofcareerpathandemployerisoftenbasedoninadequateknowledgeandfalseperceptions.Butwithageandexperience,wedevelopnewinterestsandaptitudesandourprioritiesalter.Thestructureoftheemploymentmarketand,indeedofemploymentitself,issubjecttochangeasbothnewtechnologiesandnewworksystemsareintroduced（10）_____Wemustfacetheuncertaintiesofaportfoliocareer.

　　Itisclearfromtherecentpastthatwecannotforeseethechangeswhichwillaffectourworkinglives.Thepaceofchangeisaccelerating,asaresultofwhichtraditionalcareerplanswillbeofverylimiteduse.（11）_____Theywillneedupdatingtoreflectchangesinourowninterestsaswellasintheexternalworkenvironment.Flexibleworkersalreadyaccountforabouthalftheworkforce.（12）______Wearelikelytofaceperiodsascontractworkers,self-employedfreelances,consultants,tempsorpart-timers.

　　Manyemployersencouragestafftowriteapersonaldevelopmentdevelopment（PDP）（13）Althoughsomepeopleuseitonlytoreviewtheskillsneededfortheirjob,aPDPcouldbethenucleusofwidercareerplan–settingoutalternativelong-termlearningneedsandaplanofself-development.

　　AreportissuedbytheInstituteofEmploymentStudiesadvisespeopletoenhancetheiremployabilitybymovingfromtraditionaltechnicalskillstowardstheattainmentofarangeoftransferableskills.（14）Instead,specialschemesshouldbeestablishedtoencouragepeopletoexaminetheireffectivenessandtoconsiderawiderrangeofneeds.

　　0ABCDEFGH

　　AThisdualeffectmeansthattherelationshipbetweenemployersandworkershasevolvedtosuchandextentthatwecannolongerexpectalong-termrelationshipwithoneemployer.

　　B.Itcarriesanimplicitassumptionthatweourselves,andthejobsweenter,willchangelittleduringourworkinglives.

　　C.Thisgrowthsuggeststhatacareerplanshouldnotbeexpressedonlyintermsoffull-timeemploymentbutshouldmakeprovisionforthepossibilityofbecomingoneofthe.

　　Dthisisasummaryofone’spersonallearningneedsandanactionplantomeetthem.

　　EConsequently,theymustnowaccommodateanumberofobjectivesandenableustoprepareforeachonacontingencybasis.

　　FHowever,itwarnsthatemployersoftenidentifytrainingneedsthroughformalappraisals,whichtaketoonarrowaviewofdevelopment.

　　G.Suchafreelanceofconsultantwouldbeconstantlyindemand.

　　HWewereexpectedtoworktowardsthatonecleargoalandtoconsideracareerchangeasabadthing.

PARTTHREE

　　Questions15–20

　　Readthefollowingarticleonnegotiatingtechniquesandthequestionontheoppositepage.

　　Foreachquestion15–20,markoneletter（A,B,CorD）onyourAnswerSheetfortheansweryouchoose.

　　TheNegotiatingTable:

　　Youcannegotiatevirtuallyanything.Projects,resources,expectationsanddeadlinesarealloutcomesofnegotiation.Somepeoplenegotiatedealsforaliving.DrHerbCohenisoneoftheseprofessionaltalkers,calledinbycompaniestonegotiateontheirbehalf.Heapproachestheartofnegotiationasagamebecause,asheisusuallynegotiatingforsomebodyelse,hesaysthishelpshimdraintheemotionalcontentfromhisconversation.Heisworkinginacompetitivefieldandneedstoavoidbeingtooadversarial.Whetherhesucceedsornot,itisimportanttohimtomakeagoodimpressionsothatpeoplewillrecommendhim.

　　Thestartingpointforanydeal,hebelieves,istoidentifyexactlywhatyouwantfromeachother.Moreoftenthannot,onepartywillbetryingtopersuadetheotherroundtotheirpointofview.Negotiationrequirestwopeopleattheendsaying‘yes”.Thiscanbeaproblembecauseoneofthemusuallybeginsbysaying“no”.However,althoughthiscanmaketalksmoredifficult,thisisoftenjustastartingpointinthenegotiationgame.Topmanagementmaywellrejecttheideainitiallybecauseitisthesaferoptionbuttheywouldnotbethereiftheywerenotinterested.

　　Itisamisconceptionthatskillednegotiatorsaresmoothoperatorsinsmartsuits.DrCohensaysthatoneofhisstrategiesistodressdownsothattheothersidecanrelatetoyou.Pitchyourlooktosuityourcustomer.Youdonotneedtomakethemfeelbetterthanyoubut,Forexample,dressinginastylethatisnotovertlyexpensiveorsuccessfulwillmakeyoumoreapproachable.Peoplewillgenerallyfeelmorecomfortablewithsomebodywhoappearstobelikethemratherthansuperiortothem.Theymaynotlikeyoubuttheywillfeeltheycantrustyou.

　　DrCohensuggeststhatthebestwaytosellyourproposalisbygettingintotheworldoftheotherside.Askquestionsratherthangiveanswersandtakeaninterestinwhattheotherpersonissaying,evenifyouthinkwhattheyaresayingissilly.Youdonotneedtobecometheirbestfriendsbutbeingtoocleverwillalienatethem.Alotofdealsaremadeonimpressions.Donotrushwhatyouare