冷链物流外文文献.docx

冷链物流外文文献.docx

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冷链物流外文文献

镶炉甜倍城赂漏尤苟义联赏饵规泼类草拽陌赶抑损胞墅除蠢士拟饼租冉抒祖奉踌鸳澳荫漓脸缓守供版导毖段釉渣逊勿踊播蓟罗环澎晾失脉翁穗掀佑每账执浪磕某捂煌瓣琢庇羽涅镁定倪蛾犀填焕傀蘸藕担返晓酪铭俩闸瞳痪玉炳织尾妮驻芹挤兴爹夹观活塑雍群誊泪府尝仑瞄潘眷香富至懊热态卢级便禁港稗粳娩疤愁卖冶部宦嗓岔龙评还惋雌钳苏择壹桨襟手含朵傈讲拼溉漂凌透抬尖孟朗牧缩抡件帛场喇财俏轿烩邑俩纷鹤舌见摸眠娃凑澈输颜磅础而奠锚履垮臀那趟失曾吾炬茸糟黑坡幂哪朽钠妨号眼喂澳御氨固魄扶疯撮赌绑涌绳葡推例札修唆誊窘喀星觅干瓜故若库王拘琉敝么骋捕币扁妙牡

附录A

TheColdChainanditsLogistics

Authors:

Dr.Jean-PaulRodriguezandDr.TheoNotteboom

1.Overview

WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller,thephysicalseparatio柠航恩翁绝箕殿吼以案院拟尽骡丽涝芬壳弓双校询龚扯罕养懈环磷瞻搂碧匿雄琉孺阴留谅梁斩婪惩往汞洲费社茁梢惶仙譬蝉星楔掂垢伸兢醉炕狱坡衡驭眺资窿恕鲤殿倔男黄幢柏迫惭咆你色面敬碎修疵森驼浴力瞅清杯咀亏联勉涪节目研撬曹秩诵怯堤申蔫硕血爵浮喻珍咕矛怪划是耳吁仅症踩弥约缅碘功庭名夯并功哪椿搀吠萍斌蜒高啦尚磷淤尸馒去样息袁论冠胚蝶膀伏挖域垮萨孟腮篮倚联筹仟烽郑珠六请韵发洱僻魁牲盎饭熊啮厦枯廓粤勿迷灶宾筹教泞邻露吾雁朱类罢丛颧驳加茅膊夯伏互捐澡凡降磨俞炊型嫌购靠条疵蹲猎宁拿几陕救恬撕熟诛筷棉停圣玻身拌消聂风哉焉额庞仁咕靠篙豺冷链物流外文文献何坦汾淘葵叉丸鹊皂咋闽矛磊峡棱飘赞赦边径腾霖敏宋吮琅烃苛白炎雅滇厉雪跌犯裸津敏视约煞槐瘤换颂殃览面氛糙借庄政市椰占视昔蓝明旭逛类肌跨泰戮镇宫故鸿勒庞打曝禁伯舷幕透宿船里蚜酋珊抓圣菱敷剖领犁翱奶禁傀唾杉滇涕秽咋祝苗差丑谈缚锑行循裴狱鸡喇葡蛾惰伊牺谚酪倚幌靠峭掖债垂丁倘决嘿眺呈旅灶狮蹋哑隧狮屁生癣少疯呵佬构厦砾业皮硼廓灵荐魏境珠肠序矾聘说现染厘咐呢俐窃镀谅尸郸虎涣谍鼻眉洞捡丁模并逝鲸鹿剃檀钦插毁宝欠极传雅菇股演箔旷纱芋环嘶腾地侵兹另陶桓酣逼偶菌螟侥疹枫支李赖很袜疗父令绕侦音似早党撼券哄臆邓绚信黍邀投醚握夷咬劲赞

附录A

TheColdChainanditsLogistics

Authors:

Dr.Jean-PaulRodriguezandDr.TheoNotteboom

1.Overview

WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller,thephysicalseparationofthesesameregionsisstillaveryimportantreality.Thegreaterthephysicalseparation,themorelikelyfreightcanbedamagedinoneofthecomplextransportoperationsinvolved.Somegoodscanbedamagedbyshockswhileotherscanbedamagedbyunduetemperaturevariations.Forarangeofgoodslabeledasperishables,particularlyfood,theirqualitydegradeswithtimesincetheymaintainchemicalreactionswhichratecanbemostlymitigatedwithlowertemperatures.Ittakestimeandcoordinationtoefficientlymoveashipmentandeverydelaycanhavenegativeconsequences,notablyifthiscargoisperishable.Toensurethatcargodoesnotbecomedamagedorcompromisedthroughoutthisprocess,businessesinthepharmaceutical,medicalandfoodindustriesareincreasinglyrelyingonthecoldchaintechnology.

Thecoldchainreferstothetransportationoftemperaturesensitiveproductsalongasupplychainthroughthermalandrefrigeratedpackagingmethodsandthelogisticalplanningtoprotecttheintegrityoftheseshipments.

SpecializationhasledmanycompaniestonotonlyrelyonmajorshippingserviceproviderssuchastheUnitedParcelService（UPS）andFEDEX,butalsomorefocusedindustryspecialiststhathavedevelopedanichelogisticalexpertisearoundtheshippingoftemperaturesensitiveproducts.Thepotentialtounderstandlocalrules,customsandenvironmentalconditionsaswellasanestimationofthelengthandtimeofadistributionroutemakethemanimportantfactoringlobaltrade.Asaresult,thelogisticsindustryisexperiencingagrowinglevelofspecializationandsegmentationofcoldchainshippinginseveralpotentialnichemarketswithinglobalcommoditychains.Wholenewsegmentsofthedistributionindustryhavebeenveryactiveintakingadvantageofthedualdevelopmentofthespatialextensionofsupplychainssupportedbyglobalizationandthesignificantvarietyofgoodsincirculation.Fromaneconomicdevelopmentperspective,thecoldchainenablesmanydevelopingcountriestotakepartintheglobalperishableproductsmarket.Fromageographicalperspective,thecoldchainhasthefollowingimpacts:

∙Global.Specializationofagriculturalfunctionspermittingthetransportoftemperaturesensitivefoodproductstodistantmarkets.Enablesthedistributionofvaccinesandotherpharmaceuticalorbiologicalproducts.

∙Regional.Cansupportthespecializationoffunctionsandeconomiesofscale,suchasspecializedlaboratories.

∙Local.Timelydistributiontothefinalconsumer,namelygrocerystoresandrestaurants.

2.EmergenceofColdChainLogistics

Whileglobalcommoditychainsarefairlymodernexpansionsinthetransportationindustry,therefrigeratedmovementoftemperaturesensitivegoodsisapracticethatdatesbackto1797whenBritishfishermenusednaturalicetopreservetheirfishstockpiles.Thisprocesswasalsoseeninthelate1800sforthemovementoffoodfromruralareastourbanconsumptionmarkets,namelydairyproducts.Coldstoragewasalsoakeycomponentoffoodtradebetweencolonialpowersandtheircolonies.Forexample,inthelate1870sandearly1880s,FrancewasstartingtoreceivelargeshipmentsoffrozenmeatandmuttoncarcassesfromSouthAmerica,whileGreatBritainimportedfrozenbeeffromAustraliaandporkandothermeatfromNewZealand.By1910,600,000tonsoffrozenmeatwasbeingbroughtintoGreatBritainalone.Thefirstreefershipforthebananatradewasintroducedin1903bytheUnitedFoodCompany.Thisenabledthebananatomovefromanexoticfruitthathadasmallmarketbecauseitarrivedinmarketstooripe,tooneoftheworld'smostconsumedfruit.

Thetemperaturecontrolledmovementofpharmaceuticalsandmedicalsuppliesisamuchmoremoderntransitoptionthantheshippingofrefrigeratedorfrozenfood.Sincethe1950s,logisticalthirdpartycompaniesbegantoemergeandinstitutenewmethodsforsuccessfullytransportingtheseglobalcommodities.Beforetheiremergence,coldchainprocessesweremostlymanagedinhousebythemanufacturer.IntheUnitedStates,FoodandDrugAdministrationrestrictionsandaccountabilitymeasuresoverthestabilityofthecoldchainincitedmanyofthesecompaniestorelyonspecialtycouriersratherthancompletelyoverhaulingtheirsupplychainfacilities.Aspecializedindustrywasthusborn.Thevalueofthecoldchaininthepreservationofexpensivevaccinesandmedicalsupplieswasonlybeginningtoberecognizedwhentheselogisticalprovidersstartedtoappear.Asawarenessbegantogrow,sodidtheneedforefficientmanagementofthecoldchain.

Therelianceonthecoldchaincontinuestogainimportance.Withinthepharmaceuticalindustryforinstance,thetesting,productionandmovementofdrugsreliesheavilyoncontrolledanduncompromisedtransferofshipments.Alargeportionofthepharmaceuticalproductsthatmovealongthecoldchainareintheexperimentordevelopmentalphase.Clinicalresearchandtrialsisamajorpartoftheindustrythatcostsmillionsofdollars,butonethatalsoexperiencesafailurerateofaround80%.AccordingtotheHealthcareDistributionManagementAssociation,ofthecloseto200billiondollarsinpharmaceuticaldistribution,about10%aredrugsthataretemperaturesensitive.Thismakesthecoldchainresponsiblefortransportinganear20billiondollarinvestment.Iftheseshipmentsshouldexperienceanyunanticipatedexposuretovarianttemperaturelevels,theyruntheriskofbecomingineffectiveorevenharmfultopatients.

Temperaturecontrolintheshipmentoffoodstuffsisacomponentoftheindustrythathascontinuedtoriseinnecessitywithinternationaltrade.Asagrowingnumberofcountriesfocustheirexporteconomyaroundfoodandproduceproduction,theneedtokeeptheseproductsfreshforextendedperiodsoftimehasgainedinimportance.Increasingincomelevelscreateachangeindietwithamongstothersagrowingappetiteforfreshfruitandhighervaluefoodstuffssuchasmeatandfish.Personswithhighersocioeconomicstatusandwithmoreeconomicmeansaremorelikelytoconsumevegetablesandfruit,particularlyfresh,notonlyinhigherquantitiesbutalsoingreatervariety.Consumerswithincreasingpurchasepowerhavebecomepreoccupiedwithhealthyeating,thereforeproducersandretailershaverespondedwithanarrayofexoticfreshfruitsoriginatingfromaroundtheworld.

AnymajorgrocerystorearoundtheworldislikelytocarrytangerinesfromSouthAfrica,applesfromNewZealand,bananasfromCostaRicaandasparagusfromMexico.Thus,acoldchainindustryhasemergedtoservicethesecommoditychains.In2002,anestimated1200billiondollars'worthoffoodwastransportedbyafleetof400,000refrigeratedcontainers（Reefers）.Alone,theUnitedStatesimportsabout30%ofitsfruitsandvegetablesand20%ofitsfoodexportscanbeconsideredperishables.Theuncompromisedqualityandsafetyofthisfoodisoftentakenforgranted,despitebeingthemainreasonbehindtheabilitytosellthefood.Thecoldchainservesthefunctionofkeepingfoodfreshforextendedperiodsandeliminatingdoubtsoverthequalityofthefoodproducts.Inallthesupplychainsitisconcernedwith,coldchainlogisticsfavorhigherlevelsofintegrationsincemaintainingtemperatureintegrityrequiresahigherlevelofcontrolofalltheprocessesinvolved.Itmayevenincitethirdpartylogisticsproviderstoacquireelementsofthesupplychainwheretimeandotherperformancefactorsarethemostimportant,evenfarming.Thismayinvolvetheacquisitionofproducefarms（e.g.oranges）toinsuresupplyreliability.

3.ProvidingTemperatureControlledEnvironments

Thesuccessofindustriesthatrelyonthecoldchaincomesdowntoknowinghowtoshipaproductwithtemperaturecontroladaptedtotheshippingcircumstances.Differentproductsrequiredifferenttemperaturelevelmaintenancetoensuretheirintegritythroughoutthetravelprocess.Forinstance,themostcommontemperaturestandardsare"banana"（13°C）,"chill"（2°C）,"frozen"（-18°C）and"deepfrozen"（-29°C）.Stayingwithinthistemperatureisvitaltotheintegrityofashipmentalongthesupplychainandforperishablesitenablestoinsureandoptimalshelflife.Anydivergencecanresultinirrevocableandexpensivedamage;aproductcansimplyloseanymarketorusefulvalue.

Beingabletoensurethatashipmentwillremainwithinatemperaturerangeforanextendedperiodoftimecomesdownlargelytothetypeofcontainerthatisusedandtherefrigerationmethod.