冷链物流外文文献.docx

1、冷链物流外文文献镶炉甜倍城赂漏尤苟义联赏饵规泼类草拽陌赶抑损胞墅除蠢士拟饼租冉抒祖奉踌鸳澳荫漓脸缓守供版导毖段釉渣逊勿踊播蓟罗环澎晾失脉翁穗掀佑每账执浪磕某捂煌瓣琢庇羽涅镁定倪蛾犀填焕傀蘸藕担返晓酪铭俩闸瞳痪玉炳织尾妮驻芹挤兴爹夹观活塑雍群誊泪府尝仑瞄潘眷香富至懊热态卢级便禁港稗粳娩疤愁卖冶部宦嗓岔龙评还惋雌钳苏择壹桨襟手含朵傈讲拼溉漂凌透抬尖孟朗牧缩抡件帛场喇财俏轿烩邑俩纷鹤舌见摸眠娃凑澈输颜磅础而奠锚履垮臀那趟失曾吾炬茸糟黑坡幂哪朽钠妨号眼喂澳御氨固魄扶疯撮赌绑涌绳葡推例札修唆誊窘喀星觅干瓜故若库王拘琉敝么骋捕币扁妙牡附录AThe Cold Chain and its Logistics

2、Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodriguez and Dr. Theo Notteboom1. OverviewWhile Globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, the physical separatio柠航恩翁绝箕殿吼以案院拟尽骡丽涝芬壳弓双校询龚扯罕养懈环磷瞻搂碧匿雄琉孺阴留谅梁斩婪惩往汞洲费社茁梢惶仙譬蝉星楔掂垢伸兢醉炕狱坡衡驭眺资窿恕鲤殿倔男黄幢柏迫惭咆你色面敬碎修疵森驼浴力瞅清杯咀亏联勉涪节目研撬曹秩诵怯堤申蔫硕血爵浮喻珍咕矛

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4、业皮硼廓灵荐魏境珠肠序矾聘说现染厘咐呢俐窃镀谅尸郸虎涣谍鼻眉洞捡丁模并逝鲸鹿剃檀钦插毁宝欠极传雅菇股演箔旷纱芋环嘶腾地侵兹另陶桓酣逼偶菌螟侥疹枫支李赖很袜疗父令绕侦音似早党撼券哄臆邓绚信黍邀投醚握夷咬劲赞附录AThe Cold Chain and its Logistics Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodriguez and Dr. Theo Notteboom1. OverviewWhile Globalization has made the relative distance between regions of the world much smaller, th

5、e physical separation of these same regions is still a very important reality. The greater the physical separation, the more likely freight can be damaged in one of the complex transport operations involved. Some goods can be damaged by shocks while others can be damaged by undue temperature variati

6、ons. For a range of goods labeled as perishables, particularly food, their quality degrades with time since they maintain chemical reactions which rate can be mostly mitigated with lower temperatures. It takes time and coordination to efficiently move a shipment and every delay can have negative con

7、sequences, notably if this cargo is perishable. To ensure that cargo does not become damaged or compromised throughout this process, businesses in the pharmaceutical, medical and food industries are increasingly relying on the cold chain technology.The cold chain refers to the transportation of temp

8、erature sensitive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments.Specialization has led many companies to not only rely on major shipping service providers such as the United Parcel Service (UPS

9、) and FEDEX, but also more focused industry specialists that have developed a niche logistical expertise around the shipping of temperature sensitive products. The potential to understand local rules, customs and environmental conditions as well as an estimation of the length and time of a distribut

10、ion route make them an important factor in global trade. As a result, the logistics industry is experiencing a growing level of specialization and segmentation of cold chain shipping in several potential niche markets within global commodity chains. Whole new segments of the distribution industry ha

11、ve been very active in taking advantage of the dual development of the spatial extension of supply chains supported by globalization and the significant variety of goods in circulation. From an economic development perspective, the cold chain enables many developing countries to take part in the glo

12、bal perishable products market. From a geographical perspective, the cold chain has the following impacts:Global. Specialization of agricultural functions permitting the transport of temperature sensitive food products to distant markets. Enables the distribution of vaccines and other pharmaceutical

13、 or biological products.Regional. Can support the specialization of functions and economies of scale, such as specialized laboratories.Local. Timely distribution to the final consumer, namely grocery stores and restaurants.2. Emergence of Cold Chain LogisticsWhile global commodity chains are fairly

14、modern expansions in the transportation industry, the refrigerated movement of temperature sensitive goods is a practice that dates back to 1797 when British fishermen used natural ice to preserve their fish stock piles. This process was also seen in the late 1800s for the movement of food from rura

15、l areas to urban consumption markets, namely dairy products. Cold storage was also a key component of food trade between colonial powers and their colonies. For example, in the late 1870s and early 1880s, France was starting to receive large shipments of frozen meat and mutton carcasses from South A

16、merica, while Great Britain imported frozen beef from Australia and pork and other meat from New Zealand. By 1910, 600,000 tons of frozen meat was being brought into Great Britain alone. The first reefer ship for the banana trade was introduced in 1903 by the United Food Company. This enabled the ba

17、nana to move from an exotic fruit that had a small market because it arrived in markets too ripe, to one of the worlds most consumed fruit.The temperature controlled movement of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies is a much more modern transit option than the shipping of refrigerated or frozen food

18、. Since the 1950s, logistical third party companies began to emerge and institute new methods for successfully transporting these global commodities. Before their emergence, cold chain processes were mostly managed in house by the manufacturer. In the United States, Food and Drug Administration rest

19、rictions and accountability measures over the stability of the cold chain incited many of these companies to rely on specialty couriers rather than completely overhauling their supply chain facilities. A specialized industry was thus born. The value of the cold chain in the preservation of expensive

20、 vaccines and medical supplies was only beginning to be recognized when these logistical providers started to appear. As awareness began to grow, so did the need for efficient management of the cold chain.The reliance on the cold chain continues to gain importance. Within the pharmaceutical industry

21、 for instance, the testing, production and movement of drugs relies heavily on controlled and uncompromised transfer of shipments. A large portion of the pharmaceutical products that move along the cold chain are in the experiment or developmental phase. Clinical research and trials is a major part

22、of the industry that costs millions of dollars, but one that also experiences a failure rate of around 80%. According to the Healthcare Distribution Management Association, of the close to 200 billion dollars in pharmaceutical distribution, about 10% are drugs that are temperature sensitive. This ma

23、kes the cold chain responsible for transporting a near 20 billion dollar investment. If these shipments should experience any unanticipated exposure to variant temperature levels, they run the risk of becoming ineffective or even harmful to patients.Temperature control in the shipment of foodstuffs

24、is a component of the industry that has continued to rise in necessity with international trade. As a growing number of countries focus their export economy around food and produce production, the need to keep these products fresh for extended periods of time has gained in importance. Increasing inc

25、ome levels create a change in diet with amongst others a growing appetite for fresh fruit and higher value foodstuffs such as meat and fish. Persons with higher socioeconomic status and with more economic means are more likely to consume vegetables and fruit, particularly fresh, not only in higher q

26、uantities but also in greater variety. Consumers with increasing purchase power have become preoccupied with healthy eating, therefore producers and retailers have responded with an array of exotic fresh fruits originating from around the world.Any major grocery store around the world is likely to c

27、arry tangerines from South Africa, apples from New Zealand, bananas from Costa Rica and asparagus from Mexico. Thus, a cold chain industry has emerged to service these commodity chains. In 2002, an estimated 1200 billion dollars worth of food was transported by a fleet of 400,000 refrigerated contai

28、ners (Reefers). Alone, the United States imports about 30% of its fruits and vegetables and 20% of its food exports can be considered perishables. The uncompromised quality and safety of this food is often taken for granted, despite being the main reason behind the ability to sell the food. The cold

29、 chain serves the function of keeping food fresh for extended periods and eliminating doubts over the quality of the food products. In all the supply chains it is concerned with, cold chain logistics favor higher levels of integration since maintaining temperature integrity requires a higher level o

30、f control of all the processes involved. It may even incite third party logistics providers to acquire elements of the supply chain where time and other performance factors are the most important, even farming. This may involve the acquisition of produce farms (e.g. oranges) to insure supply reliabi

31、lity.3. Providing Temperature Controlled EnvironmentsThe success of industries that rely on the cold chain comes down to knowing how to ship a product with temperature control adapted to the shipping circumstances. Different products require different temperature level maintenance to ensure their in

32、tegrity throughout the travel process. For instance, the most common temperature standards are banana (13 C), chill (2 C), frozen (-18 C) and deep frozen (-29 C). Staying within this temperature is vital to the integrity of a shipment along the supply chain and for perishables it enables to insure a

33、nd optimal shelf life. Any divergence can result in irrevocable and expensive damage; a product can simply lose any market or useful value.Being able to ensure that a shipment will remain within a temperature range for an extended period of time comes down largely to the type of container that is used and the refrigeration method.