逻辑哲学论英文版.docx

逻辑哲学论英文版.docx

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逻辑哲学论英文版

逻辑哲学论英文版

Tractatus-LogicoPhilosophicus

1Theworldisallthatisthecase.

1.1Theworldisthetotalityoffacts,notofthings.

1.11Theworldisdeterminedbythefacts,andbytheirbeingallthefacts.

1.12Forthetotalityoffactsdetermineswhatisthecase,andalsowhateverisnotthecase.

1.13Thefactsinlogicalspacearetheworld.

1.2Theworlddividesintofacts.

1.21Eachitemcanbethecaseornotthecasewhileeverythingelseremainsthesame.

2Whatisthecase--afact--istheexistenceofstatesofaffairs.

2.0[thereisnoparagraph2.0,butthereisa2.01]

2.01Astateofaffairsastateofthingsisacombinationofobjectsthings.

2.011Itisessentialtothingsthattheyshouldbepossibleconstituentsofstatesofaffairs.

2.012Inlogicnothingisaccidental:

ifathingcanoccurinastateofaffairs,thepossibilityofthestateofaffairsmustbewrittenintothethingitself.

2.0121Itwouldseemtobeasortofaccident,ifitturnedout

thatasituationwouldfitathingthatcouldalreadyexistentirelyonitsown.

Ifthingscanoccurinstatesofaffairs,thispossibilitymustbeinthemfromthebeginning.

Nothingintheprovinceoflogiccanbemerelypossible.Logicdealswitheverypossibilityandallpossibilitiesareitsfacts.Justaswearequiteunabletoimaginespatialobjectsoutsidespaceortemporalobjectsoutsidetime,sotoothereisnoobjectthatwecanimagineexcludedfromthepossibilityofcombiningwithothers.

IfIcanimagineobjectscombinedinstatesofaffairs,Icannotimaginethemexcludedfromthepossibilityofsuchcombinations.

2.0122Thingsareindependentinsofarastheycanoccurinallpossiblesituations,butthisformofindependenceisaformofconnexionwithstatesofaffairs,aformofdependence.Itisimpossibleforwordstoappearintwodifferentroles:

bythemselves,andinpropositions.

2.0123IfIknowanobjectIalsoknowallitspossibleoccurrencesinstatesofaffairs.

Everyoneofthesepossibilitiesmustbepartofthenatureoftheobject.Anewpossibilitycannotbediscoveredlater.

2.01231IfIamtoknowanobject,thoughIneednotknowitsexternalproperties,Imustknowallitsinternalproperties.

2.0124Ifallobjectsaregiven,thenatthesametimeallpossiblestatesofaffairsarealsogiven.

2.013Eachthingis,asitwere,inaspaceofpossiblestatesofaffairs.ThisspaceIcanimagineempty,butIcannotimaginethething

withoutthespace.

2.0131Aspatialobjectmustbesituatedininfinitespace.Aspatialpointisanargument-place.Aspeckinthevisualfieldthoughtitneednotbered,musthavesomecolour:

itis,sotospeak,surroundedbycolour-space.

Notesmusthavesomepitch;objectsofthesenseoftouchsomedegreeofhardness,andsoon.

2.014Objectscontainthepossibilityofallsituations.

41Thepossibilityofitsoccurringinstatesofaffairsis2.01

theformofanobject.

2.02Objectsaresimple.

2.0201Everystatementaboutcomplexescanberesolvedintoastatementabouttheirconstituentsandintothepropositionsthatdescribethecomplexescompletely.

2.021Objectsmakeupthesubstanceoftheworld.Thatiswhytheycannotbecomposite.

2.0211Iftheworldhadnosubstance,thenwhetherapropositionhadsensewoulddependonwhetheranotherpropositionwastrue.

2.0212Inthatcasewecouldnotsketchanypictureoftheworldtrueorfalse.

2.022Itisobviousthatanimaginedworld,howeverdifferenceitmaybefromtherealone,musthavesomething--aform--incommonwithit.

2.023Objectsarejustwhatconstitutethisunalterableform.

2.0231Thesubstanceoftheworldcanonlydetermineaform,and

notanymaterialproperties.Foritisonlybymeansofpropositionsthatmaterialpropertiesarerepresented--onlybytheconfigurationofobjectsthattheyareproduced.

2.0232Inamannerofspeaking,objectsarecolorless.

2.0233Iftwoobjectshavethesamelogicalform,theonlydistinctionbetweenthem,apartfromtheirexternalproperties,isthattheyaredifferent.

2.02331Eitherathinghaspropertiesthatnothingelsehas,inwhichcasewecanimmediatelyuseadescriptiontodistinguishitfromtheothersandrefertoit;or,ontheotherhand,thereareseveralthingsthathavethewholesetoftheirpropertiesincommon,inwhichcaseitisquiteimpossibletoindicateoneofthem.

Foritthereisnothingtodistinguishathing,Icannotdistinguishit,sinceotherwiseitwouldbedistinguishedafterall.

2.024Thesubstanceiswhatsubsistsindependentlyofwhatisthecase.

2.025Itisformandcontent.

2.0251Space,time,colourbeingcolouredareformsofobjects.

2.026Theremustbeobjects,iftheworldistohaveunalterableform.

2.027Objects,theunalterable,andthesubsistentareoneandthesame.

2.0271Objectsarewhatisunalterableandsubsistent;theirconfigurationiswhatischangingandunstable.

2.0272Theconfigurationofobjectsproducesstatesofaffairs.

2.03Inastateofaffairsobjectsfitintooneanotherlikethelinksofachain.

2.031Inastateofaffairsobjectsstandinadeterminaterelationtooneanother.

2.032Thedeterminatewayinwhichobjectsareconnectedinastateofaffairsisthestructureofthestateofaffairs.

2.033Formisthepossibilityofstructure.

2.034Thestructureofafactconsistsofthestructuresofstatesofaffairs.

2.04Thetotalityofexistingstatesofaffairsistheworld.

2.05Thetotalityofexistingstatesofaffairsalsodetermineswhichstatesofaffairsdonotexist.

2.06Theexistenceandnon-existenceofstatesofaffairsisreality.

Wecalltheexistenceofstatesofaffairsapositivefact,andtheirnon-existenceanegativefact.

2.061Statesofaffairsareindependentofoneanother.

2.062Fromtheexistenceornon-existenceofonestateofaffairsitisimpossibletoinfertheexistenceornon-existenceofanother.

2.063Thesum-totalofrealityistheworld.

Wepicturefactstoourselves.2.1

2.11Apicturepresentsasituationinlogicalspace,theexistenceandnon-existenceofstatesofaffairs.

2.12Apictureisamodelofreality.

2.13Inapictureobjectshavetheelementsofthepicturecorrespondingtothem.

2.131Inapicturetheelementsofthepicturearetherepresentativesofobjects.

2.14Whatconstitutesapictureisthatitselementsarerelatedtooneanotherinadeterminateway.

2.141Apictureisafact.

.15Thefactthattheelementsofapicturearerelatedto2

oneanotherinadeterminatewayrepresentsthatthingsarerelatedtooneanotherinthesameway.

Letuscallthisconnexionofitselementsthestructureofthepicture,andletuscallthepossibilityofthisstructurethepictorialformofthepicture.

2.151Pictorialformisthepossibilitythatthingsarerelatedtooneanotherinthesamewayastheelementsofthepicture.

2.1511Thatishowapictureisattachedtoreality;itreachesrightouttoit.

2.1512Itislaidagainstrealitylikeameasure.

2.15121Onlytheend-pointsofthegraduatinglinesactuallytouchtheobjectthatistobemeasured.

2.1514Soapicture,conceivedinthisway,alsoincludesthepictorialrelationship,whichmakesitintoapicture.

2.1515Thesecorrelationsare,asitwere,thefeelersofthepicture'selements,withwhichthepicturetouchesreality.

2.16Ifafactistobeapicture,itmusthavesomethingincommonwithwhatitdepicts.

2.161Theremustbesomethingidenticalinapictureandwhatitdepicts,toenabletheonetobeapictureoftheotheratall.

2.17Whatapicturemusthaveincommonwithreality,inordertobeabletodepictit--correctlyorincorrectly--inthewaythatitdoes,isitspictorialform.

2.171Apicturecandepictanyrealitywhoseformithas.

Aspatialpicturecandepictanythingspatial,acolouredone

anythingcoloured,etc.

2.172Apicturecannot,however,depictitspictorialform:

itdisplaysit.

2.173Apicturerepresentsitssubjectfromapositionoutsideit.Itsstandpointisitsrepresentationalform.Thatiswhyapicturerepresentsitssubjectcorrectlyorincorrectly.

2.174Apicturecannot,however,placeitselfoutsideitsrepresentationalform.

2.18Whatanypicture,ofwhateverform,musthaveincommonwithreality,inordertobeabletodepictit--correctlyorincorrectly--inanywayatall,islogicalform,i.e.theformofreality.

2.181Apicturewhosepictorialformislogicalformiscalledalogicalpicture.

2.182Everypictureisatthesametimealogicalone.Ontheotherhand,noteverypictureis,forexample,aspatialone.

2.19Logicalpicturescandepicttheworld.

2.2Apicturehaslogico-pictorialformincommonwithwhatitdepicts.

2.201Apicturedepictsrealitybyrepresentingapossibilityofexistenceandnon-existenceofstatesofaffairs.

2.202Apicturerepresentsapossiblesituationinlogicalspace.

2.203Apicturecontainsthepossibilityofthesituationthatitrepresents.

2.21Apictureagreeswithrealityorfailstoagree;itiscorrectorincorrect,trueorfalse.

Whatapicturerepresentsitrepresentsindependentlyof2.22

itstruthorfalsity,bymeansofitspictorialform.

2.221Whatapicturerepresentsisitssense.

2.222Theagreementordisagreementoritssensewithrealityconstitutesitstruthorfalsity.

2.223Inordertotellwhetherapictureistrueorfalsewemustcompareitwithreality.

2.224Itisimpossibletotellfromthepicturealonewhetheritistrueorfalse.

2.225Therearenopicturesthataretrueapriori.

3Alogicalpictureoffactsisathought.

3.00[no3.00-gjw]

3.0[no3.0-gjw]

3.001'Astateofaffairsisthinkable':

whatthis