现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3.docx
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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3
4Chapter3Word-Formation（I）构词法
⏹3.1GeneralRemark概述
⏹3.2Compounding复合构词法
⏹3.3Derivation派生构词法
3.3.1Prefixation加前缀
3.3.2Suffixation加后缀
⏹3.4Conversion词类转换法
3.1General Remarks 概述
●The three major processes
ØComposition or compounding （27%） raindrop,snow-white,baby-sit
ØAffixation or derivation （17.5%） –prefixation前缀法:
deescalate;antihero
-suffixation后缀法:
hawkish;modernize
ØConversion （10.5%） battle（v.）buy（n.）
●Theeightminorprocessesofword-formation:
a）Initialismsandacronyms（about9%）首字母缩略法:
U.N.,TV,UNESO,NATO;
b）Blending（about6%）拼缀法:
brunch,telex,airtel;
c）Clipping（about2%）口语省略表达:
phone,flue,lab;
d）Wordsfrompropernames（about2%）:
anUncleTom,xerox;
e）Backformation（about1%）反成法:
gangle,vacuumclean;
f）Reduplication（about0.5%）重叠法:
walkie-talkie,go-go;
g）Neo-classicalformations（about4%）新古典主义构词法:
psychedelic,neurolinguistics;
h）Others（about3%）:
pizzazz,gazuump
●Somebasicconceptsofword-formation
1.Word-formationrules
2.Root,stem,base:
ØRoot词根:
isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology
ØStem词干:
thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.
ØBase词基:
anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.
Eg.undesirables=un+desire+able+s
Base:
desirable→desire（base）
undesirable→desirable（base）
undesirables→undesirable（base）
denationalized=de+nation+al+ize+d
Root:
nation
Stem:
denationalize
Base:
national→nation
nationalize→national
denationalize→nationalize
denationalized→denationalize
desirable:
desire（rootorbase,notstem）
undesirable:
desirable（base,notroot,notstem）
undesirables:
undesirable（stemorbase,notroot）
desired:
desire（root,stemorbase）
3.2Compounding复合构词法
Compounding/composition复合构词法:
Aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.
Eg.flowerpot=flower+pot
machine-independent=machine+independent
●Therelativecriteriaofacompound
1.Orthographiccriterion书写标准:
Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.
ØSolid固定的:
airtight;airmail
ØHyphenated:
带连接符号的air-conditioning
ØOpen公开的:
airforce,airraid
2.Phonologicalcriterion语音标准:
ØCompoundaccent:
amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.
ØNormalphraseaccent:
asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.
3.Semanticcriterion:
语义表达标准
Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.
E.g.flowerpot-花盆
workday-工作日
backyard-后院
*wecaninferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts
⏹redtape（官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序）
dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）三伏天
flatfoot（apoliceman）警察
blueblood（thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth）贵族血统
blueribbon（anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize）最高荣誉
*wecannotinferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts
●Theclassificationofcompounding复合构词的分类
Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.
Partsofspeech:
1.Nouncompounds名次合成词
a）Subjectandverb
b）Verbandobject
c）Verbandadverbial
d）Subjectandobject
e）Restrictiverelation
f）Appositiverelation
2.Adjectivecompounds形容词合成词
a）subjectandverb主谓关系
b）verbandobject动宾关系
c）verbandadverbial谓状关系
d）nounandadjective
3.Verbcompounds动词合成词
a）Thoseformedbyback-formation
b）Thoseformedbyconversion
*therearetwotypesofsyntacticrelationsinverbcompounds
-object+verb:
housekeep“tokeephouse”proof-read“toreadandcorrecttheprinter'sproof.
-adverbial+verb:
babysit“tositwithababy”vacuumclean“tocleanwithavacuumcleaner”
3.3Derivation派生构词法
Derivation/affixation派生构词法:
Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.
Eg.recover=re+coverworker=work+er
●Acombiningform[构词成分]:
aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.
Eg.autobiography自传文学auto-=autos（Gk）=self
self+life+write
autoalarm自动报警器（auto+alarm）
autocracy独裁政治（auto+cracy）
*Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.
Eg.autocracyhydrographytelephone
autocracy=auto[构词成分]+cracy（suffix）
hydrography=hydro[构词成分]+graphy（suffix）
telephone=tele[构词成分]+phone（suffix）
●Prefixation前缀法
Prefixation:
theformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.
●Classificationofprefixes:
1）negativeprefixes（反意前缀）:
un-,non-,in-（im-,il-,ir-）,dis-,a-
2）reversative/privativeprefixes（相反动作前缀）:
un-,de-,dis-,
3）pejorativeprefixes（贬义前缀）:
mis-,mal-,pseudo-
4）prefixesofdegreeorsize（等级与大小前缀）:
arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-
5）prefixesofattitude（态度取向前缀）:
co-,counter-,anti-,pro-
6）locativeprefixes（方位前缀）:
super-,sub-,inter-,trans-
7）prefixesoftimeandorder（时间顺序前缀）:
for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-
8）numberprefixes（常用数字前缀）:
uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-
9）miscellaneousprefixes:
auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-
●Productiveprefixes:
anti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,un-
1.ant-/anti-
Øant-/anti-==against
Anti-JapaneseWar抗日战争
antibody抗体
Øant-/anti-==unliketradition
anti-art非正统艺术
anti-hero非传统英雄
2.de-
Øtoundowhathasthisbeendone,reverseanactionorprocess.
Deacidify使脱酸，降低…的酸度
Decentralize使分散，疏散
Decolonize使非殖民化
Øtoremove
debug调试，除错
defog从…除雾
delocalize使…离开座位，使…不受座位限制
3.mini-.
Ømini-+n小，微ofverysmallsize,duration,orimportance.
minibus微型汽车
Øreachingwellabovetheknee;veryshort
miniskirt超短裙
*maxi-1）Extra-longreachingtotheankleorjustaboveitmaxicoat,maxidress
2）Extra-large
maxi-sculpture,maxi-problems
4.non-
Ønot
nonaligned不结盟的，中立的
nonempty非空的
Øunliketheconventionalform
nonhero=antihero非英雄主角，反英雄
Ølackorabsence
nonbook无真实价值的书
noncountry不具备国家特征的国家
5.re-
Øagain
recover恢复，覆盖
reproduce复制，再生
recycle循环
6.super-+adj./n.
Ø超，极superstar超级明星
Ø顶级superior优秀的
Ø在…之上superstructure上层建筑
7.un-
ØNot
unkind不仁慈的，不厚道的
unseen看不见的，未看见的
ØReversetheaction
untie解开，使自由
unpack卸下，解除…的负担
ØReleasefromortodeprive
unleash解开…的束缚，不受约束
unhorse推翻，使摔下马
●Suffixation后缀法
Suffixation:
theformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.
●ClassificationofSuffixation
a）Nounsuffixes:
noun—nounsuffixes/denominalnounsuffixes:
-hood,-ship,-let,-dom
adjective----nounsuffixes/deadjectivalnounsuffixes:
-ness,-ist,-ism,-ity
verb----nounsuffixes/deverbalnounsuffixes:
-er,-ee,-ation,-ment
b）Verbsuffixes:
veryfewinEnglish:
-ify,-ize,-en
c）Adjectivesuffixes:
noun----adjectivesuffixes:
-ful,-less,-y,-ish
Otheradjectivesuffixes:
-able,-ed,-al,-ic,-ous
d）Adverbsuffixes:
-ly,-wards,-wise
●Productivesuffixes创造性后缀：
-able，-er，-in，-ish，-ize，-y
1.-able
Øhavingthestatedqualityorcondition
changeable,variable,knowledgeable
changeable=beabletobechanged
vt.+ableadj.
ØVariable=abletovary
vi.+ableadj.
knowledgeable=knowalot
n.+ableadj.
2.–er
他教书教得很好。
Heteachesverywell.
Heisagoodteacher
3.–in
Øv.-inprotestingagainstracialdiscrimination,publicdemonstration
ride-in,swim-in
sit-in,lie-in,work-in
be-in,drop-in,sing-in,
Øsocialgathering
drive-in
4.–y
ØN+.-yadj==fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…
risky,dirty
Øv+.-yadj==havingatrendyto,inclinedto…
Sleepy
●Differentiatingsuffixes同根近义词/区分后缀
Eg.continuance,continuation,continuity
ØContinuance=continue+ance
thestateofcontinuing
ØContinuation=continue+action
theactofcontinuing
ØContinuity=continue+ity
thequalityofbeingcontinuous
3.4Conversion词类转换法
Conversion:
isaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.
●Thetypesofconversion
1.noun→verbconversion（themostproductive）数量最多
原因：
IncontemporaryEnglish,thereisatendencyof“apreponderanceofnounsoververbs”
Thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglish.
a）toputin/onN.
Theworkerscannedapples.
putapplesincans
b）togive/provideN.
Theyshelteredtheorphans.
givesheltertotheorphans
c）todepriveofN
Billweededthegarden.
cutoffweedsinthegarden
d）todosth.withN.
Johnbrakedthecar.
stoppedthecarwithabrake
e）toactasN.
Shemotheredtheorphan.（humann.）
lookedaftertheorphanlikeamother
Tomparrotedwhatthebosshadsaid.（animaln.）
repeatsth.likeaparrot
f）tomake/changesth.intoN.
Pleasecashthischequeforme.
changethischequeintocash
g）tosendsth./gobyN.
WebicycledtotheSummerPalace.
wenttothePalacebybicycle
h）tospendtheperiodoftimedenotedbyN.
WesummeredinQingdao.
spentsummerinQingdao
2.verb→nounconversion
a）Stateofmind/sensation
Hehadadesiretobeascientist.
desiredtobea…
b）Event/activity
Hisusualmorningcommutetowork
anactofcommuting
c）Objectorresultofv.
Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.
sth.found,esp.sth.valuableorpleasing
d）Agentofv.
Heisagreatbore.
Heisapersonwhoboreseveryone.
e）Instrumentofv.
Theclothisagoodcoverforthetable.
Icoveredthetablewithacloth.
f）PlaceofV
Thisisthedividebetweenthetworivers.
Thisistheplacewherethetwori
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