现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3.docx

1、现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter34Chapter 3 Word-Formation（I）构词法3.1 General Remark 概述3.2 Compounding 复合构词法3.3 Derivation 派生构词法 3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀3.4 Conversion 词类转换法3.1 GeneralRemarks概述ThethreemajorprocessesCompositionorcompounding(27%)raindrop,snow-white,baby-sitAffixationorderivati

2、on(17.5%)prefixation前缀法: deescalate; antihero -suffixation后缀法: hawkish; modernizeConversion(10.5%) battle (v.) buy(n.)The eight minor processes of word-formation:a)Initialisms and acronyms(about 9%)首字母缩略法:U.N.,TV,UNESO,NATO;b)Blending (about 6%)拼缀法:brunch ,telex,airtel;c)Clipping (about 2%)口语省略表达:ph

3、one,flue,lab;d)Words from proper names(about 2%):an Uncle Tom, xerox;e)Back formation(about 1%)反成法:gangle ,vacuumclean;f)Reduplication(about 0.5%)重叠法:walkie-talkie,go-go;g)Neo-classical formations (about 4%)新古典主义构词法:psychedelic,neurolinguistics;h)Others(about 3%):pizzazz,gazuumpSome basic concepts o

4、f word-formation1.Word-formation rules2.Root,stem,base:Root词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphologyStem词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Base词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be add

5、ed.Eg. undesirables = un + desire + able + s Base: desirable desire (base) undesirable desirable (base) undesirables undesirable (base)denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dRoot: nation Stem: denationalize Base: national nation nationalize national denationalize nationalize denationalized denat

6、ionalizedesirable: desire (root or base, not stem) undesirable: desirable (base, not root, not stem) undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) desired: desire (root, stem or base) 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法Compounding / composition复合构词法: A word-formation process consisting of joining two or more

7、 bases to form a new unit. Eg. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent= machine + independentThe relative criteria of a compound 1. Orthographic criterion书写标准: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. Solid固定的: airtight ;airmail Hyphenated:带连接符号的 air-conditioning

8、Open公开的: air force, air raid 2. Phonological criterion语音标准:Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element. 3. Semantic criterion: 语义表达标准 Semanticall

9、y, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. E.g. flowerpot-花盆workday-工作日backyard-后院*we can infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts red tape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序) dog days（the hottest day of the

10、year）三伏天 flatfoot(a policeman)警察 blue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth)贵族血统 blue ribbon(an honor given to the winner of the first prize)最高荣誉 *we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts The classification of compounding复合构词的分类Compounds are classified according

11、to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element.Parts of speech: 1.Noun compounds名次合成词a)Subject and verbb)Verb and object c)Verb and adverbiald)Subject and object e)Restrictive relation f)Appositive relation 2.Adjective compounds形容词合成词a)subject

12、 and verb 主谓关系b)verb and object 动宾关系c)verb and adverbial 谓状关系d)noun and adjective3. Verb compounds动词合成词a)Those formed by back-formationb)Those formed by conversion *there are two types of syntactic relations in verb compounds-object +verb: housekeep“ to keep house” proof-read “to read and correct th

13、e printers proof.-adverbial +verb: babysit “to sit with a baby” vacuum clean “to clean with a vacuum cleaner ”3.3 Derivation 派生构词法Derivation / affixation派生构词法: A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.Eg

14、. recover = re + cover worker= work + erA combining form构词成分: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives.Eg. autobiography 自传文学 auto- = autos (Gk) = self self + life + writeautoalarm 自动报警器 (auto + alarm) autocracy 独裁政治 (auto + cracy

15、)*Combining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. Eg . autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy = auto 构词成分 + cracy (suffix) hydrography = hydro 构词成分 + graphy (suffix) telephone = tele 构词成分 + phone (suff

16、ix) Prefixation前缀法Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base. Classification of prefixes: 1)negative prefixes （反意前缀）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir-), dis-, a-2)reversative / privative prefixes（相反动作前缀）: un-, de-, dis-,3)pejorative prefixes （贬义前缀）: mis-, ma

17、l-, pseudo-4)prefixes of degree or size（等级与大小前缀）: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini-5)prefixes of attitude（态度取向前缀）: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-6)locative prefixes（方位前缀）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans-7)prefixes of time and order（时间顺序前缀）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-8)number

18、prefixes（常用数字前缀）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly-9)miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice-Productive prefixes: anti-,de-,mini-,non-,re-,super-,un-1. ant- / anti-ant- / anti-= againstAnti-Japanese War抗日战争 antibody抗体ant- / anti-=unlike tradition anti-art非正统艺术 anti-hero非传

19、统英雄2.de-to undo what has this been done, reverse an action or process.Deacidify 使脱酸，降低的酸度Decentralize 使分散，疏散Decolonize 使非殖民化to remove debug 调试，除错defog 从除雾delocalize 使离开座位，使不受座位限制3. mini-. mini-+ n小，微of very small size ,duration ,or importance.minibus微型汽车reaching well above the knee ;very short minis

20、kirt超短裙*maxi- 1)Extra-long reaching to the ankle or just above it maxicoat ,maxidress 2)Extra-large maxi-sculpture ,maxi-problems 4. non- not nonaligned 不结盟的，中立的nonempty 非空的unlike the conventional form nonhero=antihero非英雄主角，反英雄lack or absence nonbook 无真实价值的书 noncountry不具备国家特征的国家5.re- again recover 恢

21、复，覆盖 reproduce 复制，再生 recycle 循环6. super- + adj. / n.超，极 superstar超级明星顶级 superior优秀的在之上 superstructure上层建筑7. un- Not unkind 不仁慈的，不厚道的 unseen 看不见的，未看见的Reverse the action untie 解开，使自由 unpack 卸下，解除的负担Release from or to deprive unleash 解开的束缚，不受约束 unhorse 推翻，使摔下马 Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation: the formation

22、of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base ,and usually changing the word-class of the base .Classification of Suffixationa)Noun suffixes: nounnoun suffixes/denominal noun suffixes:-hood ,-ship ,-let ,-dom adjective -noun suffixes/deadjectival noun suffixes:-ness,-ist,-ism,-ity

23、 verb-noun suffixes /deverbal noun suffixes:-er,-ee,-ation,-mentb)Verb suffixes: very few in English :-ify,-ize,-enc)Adjective suffixes :noun -adjective suffixes:-ful,-less,-y,-ish Other adjective suffixes:-able,-ed,-al,-ic,-ousd)Adverb suffixes:-ly,-wards,-wiseProductive suffixes创造性后缀：-able，-er，-in

24、，-ish，-ize，-y1.-able having the stated quality or conditionchangeable, variable, knowledgeablechangeable= be able to be changed vt. + able adj.Variable = able to vary vi. + able adj.knowledgeable = know a lot n. + able adj. 2. er 他教书教得很好。 He teaches very well.He is a good teacher3. inv.-in protestin

25、g against racial discrimination, public demonstrationride-in, swim-insit-in, lie-in, work-in be-in, drop-in, sing-in, social gathering drive-in 4. yN+.-y adj=full of, covered with, characterized byrisky, dirtyv+.-y adj= having a trendy to, inclined to SleepyDifferentiating suffixes同根近义词/区分后缀Eg. cont

26、inuance, continuation, continuityContinuance= continue + ancethe state of continuingContinuation= continue + actionthe act of continuingContinuity = continue + ity the quality of being continuous 3.4 Conversion 词类转换法Conversion: is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is sh

27、ifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.The types of conversion1.noun verb conversion (the most productive)数量最多原因：In contemporary English, there is a tendency of “a preponderance of nouns over verbs ” There are only a few verb-forming affixes in English. a)to put in/

28、on N.The workers canned apples. put apples in cans b)to give / provide N.They sheltered the orphans. give shelter to the orphansc)to deprive of N Bill weeded the garden. cut off weeds in the gardend)to do sth. with N.John braked the car. stopped the car with a brakee)to act as N.She mothered the orp

29、han. (human n.) looked after the orphan like a motherTom parroted what the boss had said. (animal n.) repeat sth. like a parrotf)to make / change sth. into N.Please cash this cheque for me. change this cheque into cashg)to send sth. / go by N.We bicycled to the Summer Palace. went to the Palace by b

30、icycleh)to spend the period of time denoted by N.We summered in Qingdao. spent summer in Qingdao2.verb noun conversiona)State of mind / sensationHe had a desire to be a scientist. desired to be ab)Event /activityHis usual morning commute to work an act of commutingc)Object or result of v.This little

31、 restaurant is quite a find. sth. found, esp. sth. valuable or pleasingd)Agent of v.He is a great bore. He is a person who bores everyone.e)Instrument of v.The cloth is a good cover for the table.I covered the table with a cloth.f) Place of VThis is the divide between the two rivers. This is the place where the two ri