新编简明语言学重要期末考点.docx
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新编简明语言学重要期末考点
一、选择题15%
二、T/F15%
三、概念解释4题20%
四、简答题30%
五、语言现象分析20%TGgrammar，bondmorpheme,sentencerelation
1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
3.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage.Itcannotbeusedalone.
4.Awordisameaningfulgrammaticallanguageunitwhichcanbeusedbyitsown.
5.Lexiconreferstoallthewordsormentalwordsthataspeakerknows.
6.Compoundreferstothewayofformingnewwordsbystringingwordstogetherincertainmanner.
7.Anallomorphisanythevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.
8.Themajorbranchesoflinguistics?
写出五大分支：
语音学/音位学/形态学/句法学/语用学
Phonetics语音学isthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.
Phonology音位学isthestudyofsoundpatternsinhumanlanguage
Morphology形态学isthestudyoftheinternalstructure,formsandclassesofwords.
Syntax句法学isthestudyofrulesthatgovernthegrammaticalformationofsentences.
Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofhowlanguageisusedinactualcommunication.
Semantics语义学isthestudyoflanguagemeaning.
Lexicology词汇学isthestudyofwordsandphrases.
9.distinctionsinlinguistics:
1）prescriptive规定性，提供说话的规范/descriptive描述性，关心人们的说话方式而不是规定该怎么说
modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive
2）synchronic共时性研究/diachronic历时性研究（几个时段一起研究）
modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,becauseitfocusonstudyingalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.在特定的一个时期
3）speech口语/writing书面语（twomajormediaofcommunication）
speechispriortowriting原因：
fromthepointoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting;
speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed;
speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismotherlanguage.
4）langue语言/parole言语（说话的最终方式）
languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystem;parolefocusesontherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.
5）competence语言能力/performance语言运用
6）traditionalgrammar传统语法/modernlinguistics现代语言学
3个区别：
modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive;
modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarywhiletraditionalgrammaremphasizesonwrittenwords;
modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework.
10.Designfeaturesoflanguage5个特点，语言与动物交流区分
1）arbitrariness任意性（meansthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguageisarbitrary.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.itisnotentirelyarbitrary.somecompoundwordsarealsonotarbitrary.
2）productivity创造性：
languageisproductiveorcreative
3）duality双重结构:
languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.
4）displacement不受时空限制languagecanbeusedtorefercontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers.
5）culturaltransmission文化传递（文化基因）peoplewerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage.
（是具有学习能力而不是生来就能使用语言）
11.functionsoflanguage
根据tripartiteframework分为3个1）descriptivefunction
2）expressivefunction
3）socialfunction
根据美籍俄人Jacobson’smodel分6类言语活动的6个主要功能
1）emotive:
expresstheattitude
2）conative:
Theaddresseraimstoinfluencetheaddressee’sthoughtsoractions
意动功能，影响听话人的行为
3）referential:
conveyamessageorinformation所指功能，传递信息
4）poetic:
displaythebeautyoflanguageitself组诗功能，表现语言本身的美
5）phaticcommunion:
establishormaintaininterpersonalrelationships.
寒暄功能，用于维系人际关系
6）metalinguistic：
uselanguagetomakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself.元语言功能
12.threebranchesofphonetics语音学：
articulatoryphonetics发音语音学:
studiesthespeechsoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview
auditoryphonetics听觉语音学:
studiesthehearer’spointofview
acousticphonestic声学语言学:
studiesthesoundwaves
13.IPAInternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标
vowel元音20个，其中单元音12个，双元音8个consonants辅音28个
辅音按mannerofobstruction分为6个：
stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides
按placeofobstruction分为7个：
bilabial/labiodental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/glottal
14.broadtranscription宽式标音法（一个字母表一个音）
narrowtranscription严式标音法（加符号表示不同）
broadtranscriptionusingonelettertorepresentonesound.
narrowtranscriptionaddingdiacriticstothelettersymbolstoshowdifference.
15.phonemiccontrast音位对立，如/p/与/b/
16.minimalpairs最小对立位，在同一位置上的两个不同音位
whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
17.phonology音位学规则：
sequentialrule顺序规则：
rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage
assimilationrule同化规则：
copyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme
deletionrule省略规则：
asoundistobedeletedalthoughitisrepresented.
18.suprasegmentalfeatures超切分手段3个：
stress重音Theshiftofwordstressmaychangethepartofspeechofwordsofthesamespelling.
tone声调maydistinguishthemeaningofwords.
intonation语调canshowtheimpliedmessage.
19.morpheme分类：
freemorpheme自由词素
boundmorpheme粘着词素
allomorph词素变体，-es,ies,-ren
derivationalmorpheme派生词素，如im,un,tele
inflectionalmorpheme曲折词素表现语法功能，如-ed,-ing,-s,-est
20.Category词的范畴referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguage,suchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.
Thelastandmorereliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.
21.coordinatestructures:
Aruleofgrammarthatstatethecompositionofacoordinatestructure.
22.Aphrasecontainspecifiers指示语andcomplements补语besidesthehead中心词。
23.synonymy同义referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.同义词是synonyms
fivetypesofsynonymy:
1）dialectalsynonyms方言同义词synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,如elevator与lift
2）stylisticsynonyms文体同义词synonymsdifferinginstyle如dad,daddy,father
3）synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning具有不同感情或评价意义的同义词
4）collocationalsynonyms搭配不同的同义词
5）semanticallydifferentsynonyms语义有轻微差别的同义词
synonymsthatdifferslightlyinmeaning.
24.polysemy一词多义meansthatthesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.
homonymy同形异义refertothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.
hyponymy上下义关系referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregenera,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.
上下义关系分为superordinate（thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning）hyponyms（thewordwhichismorespecific）
25.antonymy反义antonyms反义词antonyms分为三类：
1）gradableantonyms分级反义词（中间可以有别的程度，比如large/small,cold/hot,wide/narrow,
2）complementaryantonyms互补性反义词（不是你就是我，literate/illiterate）
3）relationalopposites关系对立的反义词（buy/sell,wife/husband,north/south,above/below）
26.sense意义&reference语义（与语境有关）
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform.
Referenceisconcernedwiththerealsituationofalinguisticform.
27.identifytherelationsbetweensentences.
1）XissynonymouswithY.近义关系，同义关系
IfXistrue,Yistrue;Xisfalse,Yisfalse.
2）XisinconsistentwithY.不相关关系.
IfXistrue,Yisfalse.IfXisfalse,Yistrue.
3）XentailsY.（YisanentailmentofX）包含关系
X:
HehasbeentoFrance.
Y:
HehasbeentoEuropean.
IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue.
IfXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse.
例如Helikesseafood.
Helikescrabs.
4）XpresupposesY（YisaprerequisiteofX）presupposition以……为前提
X:
John’sbikeneedsrepairing.
Y:
Johnhasabike.
IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue.
IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.
例如Tom’swifeispregnant.
Tomhasawife.
5）Xisacontradiction.
6）Xissemanticallyanomalous.
28.predictionanalysis（awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning）
述谓结构分析，Leech提出，写主语和谓语。
述谓结构分为argument变元（主语）和predicate谓词（谓语）
例如Itissnowing.（BESNOWING）
Thetreegrowswell.TREE（GROW）
Themansellsice-cream.MAN,ICE-CREAM（SELL）
29.componentialanalysis成分分析法awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning
例如father[+married][+male][+adult]
30.selectionalrestrictions选择限制制约，makethesentencesemanticallymeaningful.
如green不与cloud搭配用
31.speechacttheory言语行为理论（JohnAustin提出）分三种：
1）locutionaryact言内行为theactofutteringwords,phrasesandclauses.
2）illocutionary言外行为theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention
3）perlocutionaryact言后行为theactperformedbysayingsomething
32.fivetypesofillocutionaryspeechacts（美国Searle提出）
1）representatives:
statingordescribing阐述类
2）directives:
gettingthehearertodosomething指令类
3）commissives:
committingthespeakerhimselftodosomefuturecourseofaction承诺类
4）expressives:
expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate表达类
5）declarations:
bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomething.宣告类
33.区分pragmatics与semantics（语义学，不研究语境中的使用，单纯表达意思）
Whetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisconfinedtotheareaofsemantics.
34.culture
referstothearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornation.
35.language&culture关系
Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols;languagehasamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.
36.learning&acquisition区别
Learningreferstoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofthevocabularyandgrammarofalanguage,particularlythroughformalinstruction.
Acquisitionreferstothegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.
37.twokindsofmeaningsofanylinguisticsign:
denotativemeaning指示意义（不因文化语境而改变）
connotativemeaning内涵意义（如象征意义）
38.fourmaximsoftheCP?
1）themaximofquantity（makethecontributionasinformative）
数量准则，说话要不多不少，提供对方要求的信息就可以
2）themaximofquality（donotsaysomethingisfalse）质量准则，不说假话
3）themaximofrelation（berel
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