《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案.docx

《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案.docx

《《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案.docx（53页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案

河池学院课时计划（教案）

学院

（系）

专业

外语

年级（班级）

05级A班

课程

名称

基础语言学

任课教师及职称

卢贞媛

讲师

时间

2007年3月15日（第1周星期1,2,3）第节

使用教材

书名

编（著）者

版别及出版年月

新编简明英语语言学教程

戴炜栋、何兆熊

02年7月第1版

课题

（章节）

Chapter1

课时

安排

5节

教学

目的

letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.

教学

重点

难点

I.designfeaturesoflanguage;

II.someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics:

Speechandwriting

Descriptiveandprescriptive

Synchronicanddiachronic

Langueandparole

Competenceandperformance

Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics

教学

方法

CommunicativeMethods

教学

内容

及过

程

作业

或思

考题

Homework:

exercises3.5.6.

教学后记

Chapter1Introduction

Date:

March12,2007

Teachingaims:

letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.

Teachingdifficulties:

designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

Teachingprocedures

1.Whatislinguistics?

1.1Definition

Linguisticsisascientificstudyoflanguage.Itisamajorbranchofsocialscience.

Linguisticsstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanysociety,butthelanguageofallhumansociety,languageingeneral.

Ascientificstudyisonewhichisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.

observation------generalization-----hypothesis------testedbyfurtherobservation------theory

1.2Mainbranches（scope）oflinguistics

Generallinguistics—thestudyoflanguageasawhole.

1）mainbranches

phonetics语音学–thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication

phonology音系学（音位学）--thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.

morphology词法学—thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords

syntax句法学–thestudyoftheruleswhichgovernthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.

semantics语义学—thestudyofmeaning.

pragmatics语用学—thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse

2）interdisciplinary（跨学科的）branchesoflinguisticstudy

sociolinguistics–thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety.E.g.languageusedandsocialbackground（thedifferencebetweentheeducatedanduneducatedpeople）;languageusedandcertainoccasion（formalandinformalsettings）;languagechangeandsocialchange（newwords）

psycholinguistics–itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenweuselanguage,howweasinfantsacquireourmothertongue,howweememorize,andhowweprocesstheinformationwereceiveinthecourseofcommunication.

Appliedlinguistics–findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.Inanarrowsenseitreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

a.Descriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”

Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.

Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

Grammar–prescriptiveModernlinguistics–descriptive

b.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.

Synchronic（modernlinguistics）

diachronic（historicalstudy）

c.speechandwriting

firstlearnedandtaught

d.langue&parole“语言”和“言语”

ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.（conventionsandrules–abstract–notspokenbyanyone–stable）

parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.（realizationsoflanguage–concrete—anaturallyoccurringevent–changeable）

langue:

1）theabstractsystem

2）itissocial,asetofconventions

3）relativelystableandsystematic

parole:

1）theactualizationoflanguage

2）itispersonal,itistheconcreteuseofconventions

3）itismorevariableandmayalter

Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.

e.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用

ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.

Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.

Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

f.Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics

ModernlinguisticsstartedwiththepublicationofF.deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.SoSaussureisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.

Thegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguagebeforethatisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Theydifferinseveralbasicways:

Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Alinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesof“correctness”.

Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendtoemphasize,maybeover-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofitspermanence.

Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Tomodernlinguists,itisunthinkabletojudgeonelanguagebystandardsofanother.Theyaretryingtosetupauniversalframework,butthatwouldbebasedonthefeaturessharedbymostofthelanguagesusedbymankind.

2.Language

2.1Whystudylanguage?

Atoolforcommunication

Anintegralpartofourlifeandhumanity

Ifwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.

2.2Whatislanguage?

2.2.1differentsensesoflanguage

whatapersonsays（concreteactofspeech）

aperson’sconsistentwayofspeakingorwriting

aparticularlevelofspeakingorwritinge.g.colloquiallanguage

anabstractsystem

2.2.2definitions

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Whatiscommunication?

Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource（senderorspeaker）toagoal（receiverorlistener）.

Asystem----elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.

e.g.Hethetablecleaned.（×）bkli（×）

Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsic（logic）connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.

Symbols----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbyconvention.

Vocal--------theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.

Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.

Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.

Human----languageishuman-specific.

Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.

“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”（LAD）

1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征

Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

a.arbitrariness----theformoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.

E.g.“house”uchi（Japanese）

Mansion（French）

房子（Chinese）

“dog”gou（Chinese）

chien（French）

conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.

Therearetwodifferentschoolsofbeliefconcerningarbitrariness.Mostpeople,especiallystructurallinguistsbelievethatlanguageisarbitrarybynature.Otherpeople,however,holdthatlanguageisiconic（图标的）,thatis,thereisadirectrelationorcorrespondencebetweensoundandmeaning,suchasonomatopoeia.（cuckoo;crash）

Forthemajorityofanimalsignals,theredoesappeartobeaclearconnectionbetweentheconveyedmessageandthesignalusedtoconveyit,Andforthem,thesetsofsignalsusedincommunicationisfinite.

b.Productivity/Creativity----languageisresourceful.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.（novelutterancesarecontinuallybeingcreated.）

non-humansignals,ontheotherhand,appearstohavelittleflexibility.

e.g.anexperimentofbeecommunication:

Theworkerbee,normallyabletocommunicatethelocationofanectarsource,willfailtodosoifthelocationisreally‘new’.Inoneexperiment,ahiveofbeeswasplacedatthefootofaradiotowerandafoodsourceatthetop.Tenbeesweretakentothetop,shownthefoodsource,andsentofftotelltherestofthehiveabouttheirfind.Themessagewasconveyedviaabeedanceandthewholegangbuzzedofftogetthefreefood.Theyflowaroundinalldirections,butcouldn’tlocatethefood.Theproblemmaybethatbeecommunicationregardinglocation