《新编简明英语语言学教程》教案.docx

1、新编简明英语语言学教程教案河池学院课时计划（教案）学 院（系）专 业外语年级（班级） 05级A班课程名称基础语言学任课教师及职称卢贞媛讲师时间2007年3月15日（第1周星期1,2,3）第 节使用教材书名编（著）者版别及出版年月新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊02年7月第1版课 题（章节）Chapter 1课时安排5节教 学目 的let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.教学重点难点I. design features of language ; II. some important dist

2、inctions in linguistics: Speech and writing Descriptive and prescriptive Synchronic and diachronic Langue and parole Competence and performance Traditional grammar and modern linguistics教学方法Communicative Methods教学内容及过程 作业或思考题Homework: exercises 3. 5. 6.教学后记Chapter 1 IntroductionDate: March 12, 2007T

3、eaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguisticsTeaching procedures1.What is linguistics?1.1 DefinitionLinguistics is a scientific study of language. It is a major branc

4、h of social science.Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.A scientific study is one which is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. observatio

5、n-generalization-hypothesis-tested by further observation-theory1.2 Main branches (scope) of linguistics General linguisticsthe study of language as a whole.1) main branchesphonetics 语音学 the study of sounds used in linguistic communicationphonology 音系学（音位学）- the study of how sounds are put together

6、and used to convey meaning in communication.morphology词法学the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form wordssyntax 句法学 the study of the rules which govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.semantics 语义学the study of meani

7、ng.pragmatics 语用学the study of meaning in the context of language use 2) interdisciplinary (跨学科的)branches of linguistic study sociolinguistics the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society. E.g. language used and social background(the difference between the educated and un

8、educated people); language used and certain occasion( formal and informal settings); language change and social change (new words) psycholinguistics it aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how wee memorize, and h

9、ow we process the information we receive in the course of communication. Applied linguistics findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics. In

10、a narrow sense it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 1.3Important distinctions in linguisticsa.Descriptive vs. prescriptive “描写式”和 “规定式”They represent two different types of linguistic study.

11、If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said

12、to be prescriptive.Grammar prescriptive Modern linguistics descriptiveb.Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时”The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study is a hist

13、orical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.Synchronic (modern linguistics) diachronic (historical study)c.speech and writing first learned and taughtd.langue & parole “语言” 和 “言语”The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th centu

14、ry. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. (conventions and rules abstract not spoken by anyone stable)parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. (realizations of language concretea naturally occurring event changeable)langue: 1)

15、 the abstract system 2) it is social, a set of conventions 3) relatively stable and systematicparole: 1) the actualization of language 2) it is personal, it is the concrete use of conventions 3) it is more variable and may alterWhat linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e. to dis

16、cover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.e.Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Pe

17、rformance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.f.Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsModern linguistics started with the publication of F. de Saussure s book “Course in General Linguistics” in the early 20th century. So Saussure is often described as “father of

18、modern linguistics”. The general approach traditionally formed to the study of language before that is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” They differ in several basic ways:Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. A linguist is interested in what is sa

19、id, not in what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of “correctness”.Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize, may be over-emphasi

20、ze, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. To modern linguists ,it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another. They are try

21、ing to set up a universal framework, but that would be based on the features shared by most of the languages used by mankind.2.Language2.1Why study language?A tool for communicationAn integral part of our life and humanityIf we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will

22、 be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.2.2What is language?2.2.1different senses of language what a person says( concrete act of speech)a persons consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2.2.2definitions

23、Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener).A system-elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arranged

24、 at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. () bkli ()Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.Symbols-words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by convention.Vocal-the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how

25、well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human -language is human-specific. Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Language Acquisition

26、Device”(LAD)1.3 Design features of language 语言的结构特征Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.a. arbitrariness-the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link between them is a m

27、atter of convention. E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese) Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) “dog” gou (Chinese) chien (French)conventionality-It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the

28、same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.There are two different schools of belief concerning arbitrariness. Most people, especially structural linguists believe that language is arbitrary by nature. Other people, however, hold that language is iconic(图标的), that is, ther

29、e is a direct relation or correspondence between sound and meaning, such as onomatopoeia.(cuckoo; crash)For the majority of animal signals, there does appear to be a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it, And for them, the sets of signals used in communicatio

30、n is finite.b. Productivity/Creativity-language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(novel utterances are continually being created.) non-human signals ,on the other hand, appears to have little flexibility. e.g. an experiment of bee comm

31、unication:The worker bee, normally able to communicate the location of a nectar source, will fail to do so if the location is really new. In one experiment, a hive of bees was placed at the foot of a radio tower and a food source at the top. Ten bees were taken to the top, shown the food source, and sent off to tell the rest of the hive about their find. The message was conveyed via a bee dance and the whole gang buzzed off to get the free food. They flow around in all directions, but couldnt locate the food. The problem may be that bee communication regarding location