520个心理学英文名词解释打印版.docx

520个心理学英文名词解释打印版.docx

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520个心理学英文名词解释打印版

520个心理学英文名词解释打印版

01.ABDesign

Asinglesubjectresearchdesignthatcontainsonebaseline（A）andonetreatment（B）.

02.ABABDesign

Asinglesubjectresearchdesignthatcontainsabaseline（A1）,treatment（B1）,asecondbaseline（B2）andasecondtreatmentphase（B2）

03.Alpha（lowercase小写字母）

Theabbreviationforprobabilityoferrorinstatisticalresults.SeeTypeIError.（a）

04.AlternativeHypothesis被择假设

Thehypothesisthatstatesthereisadifferencebetweentwoormoresetsofdata.

05.AbsoluteZero

Characteristicofascaleofmeasurementthatcontainsapointwherethescalehasnovalue.

06.Accommodation顺应

Thecreationofnewcognitiveschemaswhenobjects,experiences,orotherinformationdoesnotfitwithexistingschemas.

07.ActionPotential

Thefiringonaneuron.Occurswhenthechargeinsidetheneuronbecomesmorepositivethanthechargeoutside.

08.Acetycholine乙酰胆碱

Aneurotransmitterassociatedwithvoluntarymovement,sleepandwakefulness.

09.Aggressive

Aninterpersonalstylewhereonlytheimmediateneedsoftheselfareconsideredratherthantheneedsofothers.（Asopposedtopassiveorassertive）

10.Agoraphobia广场恐怖症

Ananxietydisordercharacterizedbyanintensefearofleavingone'shome.

11.AllorNoneLaw

Eitheraneuroncompletelyfiresoritdoesnotfireatall.

12.Alpha（lowercase）

Theabbreviationforprobabilityoferrorinstatisticalresults.SeeTypeIError.（a）

13.AlternativeHypothesis

Thehypothesisthatstatesthereisadifferencebetweentwoormoresetsofdata.

14.Altruism利他主义

Behaviorthatisunselfishandmayevenbedetrimentalbutwhichbenefitsothers.

15.Amnesia遗忘

Lossofmemory.Usuallyonlyapartiallosssuchasforaperiodoftimeorbiographicalinformation.

16.Amygdala杏仁核

Apartofthebrain'slimbicsystemthatattachesemotionalsignificancetoinformationandmediatesbothdefensiveandaggressivebehavior.

17.AnalExpulsivePersonality

StemmingfromtheAnalstage,achildwhobecomesfixatedduetoovercontroltransfershisorherunresolvedanal（orcontrol）issuesintocharacteristicssuchascruelty,pushiness,messiness,ordisorganization.

18.AnalRetentivePersonality

StemmingfromtheAnalstage,achildwhobecomesfixatedduetoundercontroltransfershisorherunresolvedanal（orcontrol）issuesintocharacteristicssuchascompulsivity,stinginess,cleanliness,organization,andobstinance.

19.AnalStage

Freud'ssecondstageofpsychosexualdevelopmentwheretheprimarysexualfocusisontheeliminationorholdingontofeces.Thestageisoftenthoughtofasrepresentingachild'sabilitytocontrolhisorherownworld.

20.Analysis

SeePsychoanalysis.

21.AnalysisofVariance

Aninferentialstatisticalprocedureusedtotestwhetherornotthemeansoftwoormoresetsofdataareequaltoeachother.

22.ANOVA

AnalysisofVariance.

23.Anxiety

Thephysiologicalandpsychologicalreactiontoanexpecteddanger,whetherrealorimagined.

24.Aphasia失语症

Theimpairmentoftheabilitytocommunicateeitherthroughoralorwrittendiscourseasaresultofbraindamage.

25.Approach-ApproachConflict

Theconflictpresentedwhentwooppositebutequallyappealingchoicesareavailablebutcannotbothbeobtained.

26.Approach-AvoidanceConflict

Theconflictpresentedwhenthebestpositivechoicewillresultinanegativeoutcomeaswellaspositive.

27.ArousalTheory唤醒理论

Thetheorystatingthatwearemotivatedbyourinnatedesiretomaintainanoptimallevelofarousal.

28.Assertive武断

Styleofinterpersonalinteractionwhereboththeneedsoftheselfandothersareconsidered.（Asopposedtopassiveoraggressive）

29.Assimilation

Incorporatingobjects,experiences,orinformationintoexistingschemas.

30.Associations联想

Thephenomenoninlearningthatstateswearebetterabletorememberinformationifitispairedwithsomethingwearefamiliarwithorotherwisestandsout.

31.Attachment依恋

Thestrongbondachildformswithhisorherprimarycaregiver.

32.Attribution归因

Anideaorbeliefabouttheetiologyofacertainbehavior.

33.AttributionTheory

Thetheorythatarguespeoplelookforexplanationofbehavior,associatingeitherdispositional（internal）attributesorsituational（external）attributes.

34.Authoritarian[parents]独裁

Parentingstylefocusedonexcessiverules,rigidbeliefsystems,andtheexpectationofunquestionedobedience.

35.AutonomicNervousSystem植物神经系统

Partoftheperipheral周围神经系统nervoussystemthatregulatestheinvoluntaryactionsofthebody（e.g.,breathing,heartrate,bloodpressure,pupildilation）.AlsoregulatestheFightorFlightPhenomenon.

36.AvailabilityHeuristic启发

Aruleofthumbstatingthatinformationmorereadilyavailableinourmemoryismoreimportantthaninformationnotaseasilyaccessible.

37.Aversion厌恶Therapy

Atypeofbehavioraltreatmentwhereanaversivestimuliispairedwithanegativebehaviorinhopesthatthebehaviorwillchangeinthefuturetoavoidtheaversivestimuli.

38.Avoidance-AvoidanceConflict

Theconflictwherebothpossiblechoiceshaveanequalnegativeoutcome.

39.Axon轴突

Thetail-likepartoftheneuronthroughwhichinformationexitsthecell.

40.BehaviorModification矫正

Theapplicationofbehavioraltheorytochangeaspecificbehavior.

41.BehaviorTherapy

Theapplicationofbehavioraltheory（e.g.conditioning,reinforcement）inthetreatmentofmentalillness.

42.Behaviorism

Theschoolofpsychologyfoundedonthepremise前提thatbehaviorismeasurableandcanbechangedthroughtheapplicationofvariousbehavioralprinciples.

43.Bell-ShapedCurve钟型曲线

Alsoreferredtoasanormaldistributionornormalcurve,abell-shapedcurveisaperfectmesokurticcurvewherethemean,median,andmodeareequal.

44.Beta（uppercase）

AbbreviationforPowerinstatisticalresults.SeeTypeIIError.（b）

45.BinocularCues双眼线索

Visualcues（convergenceandretinaldisparity）thatrequirebotheyestoperceivedistance（asopposedtomonocularcues）

46.Bisexuality

Beingattractedtoorarousedbymembersofbothgenders.SeeSexualOrientation.

47.BlindStudy

Asawaytoavoidtheplaceboeffect安慰剂效应inresearch,thistypeofstudyisdesignedwithoutthesubject'sknowledgeoftheanticipatedresultsandsometimeseventhenatureofthestudy.Thesubjectsaresaidtobe'blind'totheexpectedresults.

48.Broca’sAphasia失语症

AnaphasiaassociatedwithdamagetotheBroca'sareaofthebrain,demonstratedbytheimpairmentinproducingunderstandablespeech.

49.Burnout精疲力尽

Changesinthoughts,emotions,andbehaviorasaresultofextendedjobstressandunrewardedrepetitionofduties.Burnoutisseenasextremedissatisfaction,pessimism,loweredjobsatisfaction,andadesiretoquit.

50.CanonicalCorrelation典型相关

AcorrelationaltechniqueusedwhentherearetwoormoreXandtwoormoreY.（Example:

Thecorrelationbetween（ageandsex）and（incomeandlifesatisfaction）

51.CastrationAnxiety阉割焦虑

AccordingtoFreud'sStagesofPsychosexualDevelopment,thefearaboyinthephallicstageexperiencesduetoafearthathisfatherwillrenderhimpowerlessifhisfatherfindsoutabouthisattractiontowardhismother.

52.Catharsis宣泄

Theemotionalreleaseassociatedwiththeexpressionofunconsciousconflicts.

53.CEEBScore

Astandardscorethatsetsthemeantofive-hundredandstandarddeviationtoone-hundred.UsedontheScholasticAptitudeTest（SAT）

54.CellBody

Themainpartofaneuronwheretheinformationisprocessed.

55.CentralNervousSystem

Thebrainandthespinalcord脊髓.

56.CentralTendency集中趋势

Astatisticalmeasurementattemptingtodepicttheaveragescoreinadistribution（seemean,median,and/ormode）

57.Centration自我中心

Ayoungchild'stendencytofocusonlyonhisorherownperspectiveofaspecificobjectandafailuretounderstandthatothersmayseethingsdifferently.

58.Cerebellum小脑

Partofthebrainassociatedwithbalance,smoothmovement,andposture.

59.CerebralHemispheres

Thetwohalvesofthebrain（rightandleft）

60.ChemicalImbalance

Agenerictermfortheideathatchemicalinthebrainareeithertooscarceortooabundantresultinginorcontributingtoamentaldisordersuchasschizophrenia精神分裂orbipolardisorder躁狂.Othersbelievethatthedisorderprecedestheimbalance,suggestingthatachangeinmood,forexample,changesourchemicalsratherthanthechemicalchangingourmood.

61.Chunk组块

Aunitofinformationusedinmemory

62.Chunking

Combiningsmallerunitsofmeasurementorchunksintolargerchunks.（e.g.,asevenchunkphonenumbersuchas5-5-5-1-2-1-2becomesafivechunknumbersuchas5-5-5-12-12）

63.ClassicalConditioning

Thebehavioraltechniqueofpairinganaturallyoccurringstimulusandresponsechainwithadifferentstimulusinordertoproducearesponsewhichisnotnaturallyoccurring.

64.ClientCenteredTherapy

AhumanistictherapybasedonCarlRoger'sbeliefsthatanindividualhasanunlimitedcapacityforpsychologicalgrowthandwillcontinuetogrowunlessbarriersareplacedintheway.

65.CoefficientofDetermination决定系数

Thestatisticornumberdeterminedbysquaringthecorrelationcoefficient系数.Representstheamountofvarianceaccountedforbythatcorrelation.

66.CoercivePower强制力

Powerderivedthroughtheabilitytopunish.

67.Cognition

Theprocessofreceiving,processing,storing,andusinginformation.

68.CognitiveBehavioralTherapy

Treatmentinvolvingthecombinationofbehaviorism（basedonthetheoriesoflearning）andcognitivetherapy（basedonthetheorythatourcognitionsorthoughtscontrolalargeportionofourbehaviors）.

69.CognitiveDissonance失调

therealizationofcontradictionsinone'sownattitudesandbehaviors.

70.CognitivePsychology

Thes