非谓语动词讲解 2.docx
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非谓语动词讲解2
非谓语动词
非谓语动词:
1动词不定式2动名词3分词(现在分词;过去分词)
概述:
1.谓语动词:
在句子中担任谓语的动词
2.非谓语动词:
是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分。
它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。
非谓语动词使用条件
一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。
Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.
Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.
动词不定式
一.动词不定式的时态和被动形式
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种,由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。
不定式的形式有五种:
1.一般式todo例如:
IliketoreadEnglish.
2.进行式tobedoing例如:
Heseemedtobereadingsomethingatthattime.
3.完成式tohavedone例如:
Heseemedtohavecleanedtheroom.
4.被动式tobedone例如:
Theworkistobedonesoon.
5.完成被动式tohavebeendone
例如:
Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospitalyesterday.
二.动词不定式的用法
I.作主语
(1)不定式做主语时,可以直接放在谓语动词之前。
Toseeistobelieve.Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.
(2)注:
常用it做形式主语,将todo放在位于之后,使句子保持平衡。
句型1:
It+谓语+todoIttakesusanhour_to__gettherebybus.
句型2:
It’s+n.+todoIt’sourduty_to_helpthepoor.
Itisagreatenjoyment_to_spendourholidayinthemountains.
句型3:
Itis+adj+forsbtodosth(是形容事物的性质的)
Itis+adj+ofsbtodosth(是形容人的品质的)
Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.
Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.
Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.
It'simpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.
II.作宾语
接不定式做宾语
Iwanttoknowthismatter.
Idon’texpecttomeetyouhere
(1)常见动词有:
like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,seem,intend,forget,want,prepare,pretend,refuse,plan,afford,wish等
Theywanted____(get)onthebus,didn’tthey?
Hesaidhewished______(be)aprofessor.
(2)it作形式宾语
Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting.
»Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim.
Subject+find/think/feel/make/consider…it+adj/n+todosth.
1.Wethought_better___startearly.
2.Doyouconsider___betternot__go?
3.Ifeel__myduty__changeallthat.
4.Wethink__important__obeythelaw.
5.Iknow_impossible__finishsomuchhomeworkinaday.
(3)常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:
tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,explain,know,discover,
Hetaughtushowtousethetool.
Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.
Ihaven'tdecidedwhethertogoorstay.
下列词接动名词和不定式均可,但意义不同的动词:
stoptodo停下来去做stopdoing停止做
forgettodo忘记要做forgetdoing忘记做过
remembertodo记得要做rememberdoing记得做过
regrettodo遗憾要做regretdoing后悔做过
trytodo企图做,尽力做trydoing试着做
goontodo继续做(另一件事)goondoing继续做(同一件事)
meantodo打算做meandoing意味做
1InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans_______foranotherhour.
AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting
2Boys,don'tforget_____thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.
A.closing B.closed C.toclosing D.toclose
3Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrock.
A.tohaverested B.resting C.torest D.rest
4Remember_______thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.
A.toturnoff B.turningoff C.turnoff D.toturningoff
(4)在cannotbut,cannotchoose/helpbut之后接不带to的不定式
Ihavenochoicebut__towait_____.(wait)
“前有do,后无to”
Ican’tdoanythingbut_go__(go)outwithher.
III.作宾语补足语
1.I’llgetsomeone___repairtherecorderforyou.
2.Whatcausedhim___changehismind?
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,expect,encourage,force,get,hate,invite,order,wish,want,warn,remind,promise,permit,persuade,request+sb.todo
注意:
(1)在动词feel(一感),hear,listento(二听),have,let,make(三让),notice,see,watch,observe,lookat(五看)(即:
吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。
如:
Theysawtheboyfalloffthetree.
Theboywasseentofalloffthetree.
(2)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.
Ioftenhelphim(to)cleantheroom.
Ihelpedhim(to)findhisthings.
Heisoftenheard______(sing)thesong.
Thoughheoftenmadehisdeskmate_____(cry),todayhewasmade____(cry)byhisdeskmate.
IV.作定语
Ihavesomethingtotellyou.(不定式作定语)
1)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Doyouhaveanythingtowashtoday?
2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容Ihavenochancetogothere.
3)被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语Sheisalwaysthelasttoleavetheroom.
4)不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时,须加介词
1.Thehouseisnotbigenoughforusall_______.
A.tolivein B.tobelivedinC.toliveD.forlivingin
2.Wouldyoupleasepassmetheknife_______?
A.tocutthefruitwith B.tocutthefruitC.cuttingthefruit D.cuttingthefruitwith
3.Ihavesomethingimportanttosay.Pleasefindapieceofpapertowriteon(写上)
4.Excuseme,couldIuseyourpenforamoment?
Ihavenopentowritewith(写)
V.作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。
Icameheretoseeyou.
Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews.
Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.
对比TolearnEnglishwell,heneedsagooddictionary.
TolearnEnglishwell,agooddictionaryisneeded.
Togetthereintime,hetoldmetogetupearly.
不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
Ihavesomethingimportanttodo.Intheaccident,thedriverwastoblame.
Thisquestionisdifficulttoanswer.Theboxisnoteasytocarry.
动名词
一.动名词的基本构成:
动词+ing。
具有动词和名词的性质。
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
beingdone
完成式
havingdone
havingbeendone
Noonelikesbeinglaughedat.
Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetodoit.
二.动名词的用法
⑴Smokingdoesgreatharmtopeople’shealth.(作主语)
⑵Myjobislookingafterchildren.(作表语)
⑶Ihavefinishedreadingthenovel.(作宾语)
⑷Wehavegotaswimmingpoolinourschool.(做定语)
注意:
下列动词后只能用动名词:
admit,advise,suggest,avoid,consider,delay,deny,excuse,finish,imagine,include,keep(on),mind,,practice,miss,resist.
e.g.
Hefinishedreadingthenovelintwodays.
Iamconsideringgoingtherebybicycle.
IsuggestedputtingoffthemeetingtillnextWednesday.
Iamsorrytomisscatchingthefirstbus.
下列词组后只能用动名词:
be/getusedto,can’thelp/stop,can’tstand,giveup,feellike,lookforwardto,getdownto,havedifficulty/trouble(in),bebusy(in),putoff,payattentionto,insiston等等。
e.g.
HehasbeenusedtolivingIthecityaftersomanyyearshavepassed.
Idon’tlikegoingtoseethefilmnow.
①Shesattherewithout_____(speak)
②Ilookforwardto_____(see)himagain.
③Areyouusedto_____(live)therealone?
④Whenmyfatherheardthenews,hecouldn'thelp_____(laugh).
⑤Idon’tfeellike_____(go)toseethefilm.
⑥Hewasbusy____(prepare)hislessons
主动表被动
(1)主语+be(well)worth+doing某事很值得一做
(2)主语+need/want/require+doing某事需要被做
=主语+need/want/requiretobedone
TheTVprogramiswellworthwatching.
Thebikeneedsrepairingimmediately.
=Thebikeneedstoberepairedimmediately.
①Theroomwants_____(clean).
②Themethodneeds___(improve).
③Thispairofshoesrequire_____(mend).
④Theproblemneeds_(workout).
⑤Thequestioniswellworth_____(discuss)
动名词的复合结构
动名词前可以加一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语,构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语
Nixon’svisitingChinamarkedanewyearbetweenU.S.andChinadiplomaticrelations.
Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.
分词
1、
分词的构成
现在分词一般时:
表示和谓语动词的动作同时发生。
分词完成时:
表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作。
过去分词:
表示被动的或已完成的动作。
e.g.
Hearingthenews,wealljumpedwithjoy.
Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor4years,heknowstheplaceverywell.
Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiGangfinallygaveupsmoking.
Healwayshashishaircuteverythreeweeks.
(一)分词的作用
现在分词表示:
主动,动作正在进行。
过去分词表示:
被动,动作已经完成。
1.作定语
Doyouknowtheboystandingatthegate?
HaveyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun?
2.作表语
Weareexcitedatthenews.
Thenewshetoldusisexciting.
3.作宾语补足语
Iheardhimsingingasongintheclassroom.
Wefoundthegroundcoveredwithsnow.
4.作状语
Whilelyinginbed,helistenedtosomemusic.
Seenfromthehill,thevillagelooksmovebeautiful.
分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。
现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别:
现在分词表主动进行,过去分词表被动完成
1.(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.
(Seeing/seen)fromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.
2.(Hearing/heard)thebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.(Whentheyheardthebadnews)
3.(Giving/Given)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.(Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention)
4.Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.
Beingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.(Becausehewassoangry)
Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.(andtheyweresinginglaughing)
Toservethepeoplewell,Istudyhard.(Inordertoservethepeoplewell)
(二)分词的时态
现在分词分一般式和完成式,而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。
现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生,或在谓语动词之前发生。
例如:
Knowinghisunclewouldcome,hebegantomakesomepreparations.
现在分词的完成时,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。
例如:
Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.
(三)现在分词的被动式
被动一般式beingdone被动完成式havingbeendone
Thisisoneofthenewsupermarketsbeingbuiltinourcity.
Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hewasabletooperatethemachine.
(四)分词的否定形式
分词的否定式,由not+分词构成,例如:
Nothavingheardthenews.Iwrotetohimagain.
Notknowinghowtoworkoutthemathsproblem,Iwenttotheteacherforhelp.
(五)分词独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构,在句法功能上起状语作用。
例如:
Weatherpermitting,theywillgoandvisitthesciencemuseum.
Themeetingbeingover,theyalllefttheroom.
Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.
Themoonappearing,theydecidedtogoonwiththeirjourney.
Shestoodthere,bookinhand.
Everybodyathome,wesatdowntodinner.
由Therebeing+主语这种结构多表示原因。
例如:
Therebeingalotofbookstoread,heoftenstudiedtillmidnight.因为有许多书要读,他经常学习到深夜。
with+复合宾语结构
(1)with+名词/代词+形容词
Don’tspeakwithyourmouthfull.
(2)with+名词/代词+副词
Thesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwiththelightson.
(3)with+名词/代词+介词短语
Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.
(4)with+名词/代词+-ing分词
Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.
Withtheoldmanleading,the