工作推荐信分析解析.docx

工作推荐信分析解析.docx

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工作推荐信分析解析

工作推荐信

ThisisScientificAmerican—60-SecondScience.I'mChristopherIntagliata.

Asinmanyotherfields,genderbiaspervadesthesciences.Menscorehigherstartingsalaries,havemorementoring,andhavebetteroddsofbeinghired.Studiesshowthey'realsoperceivedasmorecompetentthanwomeninSTEMfields.Andnewresearchrevealsthatmenaremorelikelytoreceiveexcellentlettersofrecommendation,too.

"Say,youknow,thisisthebeststudentI'veeverhad."KuheliDutt,asocialscientistanddiversityofficeratColumbiaUniversity'sLamontcampus.Comparethoseexcellentletters,shesays,toamerelygoodletter:

"Thecandidatewasproductive,orintelligent,orasolidscientistorsomethingthat'sclearlysolidpraise,"butnothingthatsinglesoutthecandidateasexceptionaloroneofakind.

Duttandhercolleaguesstudiedmorethan1,200lettersofrecommendationforpostdocpositionsingeoscience.Theywereallredactedforgenderandotheridentifyinginformation,soDuttandherteamcouldassignthemascorewithoutknowingthesexofthestudent.Theyfoundthatfemaleapplicantswereonlyhalfaslikelytosnagsuperlativeletters,comparedtotheirmalecounterparts.Thatincludeslettersofrecfromallovertheworld,andwrittenby,yes,menandwomen.ThefindingsareinthejournalNatureGeoscience.

性别歧视.jpg

Duttsaystheywerenotabletoevaluatetheactualscientificqualificationsoftheapplicantsusingthearchivaldata.Butshesaystheresultsstillsuggestwomeningeoscienceareatapotentialdisadvantagefromtheverybeginningoftheircareers—startingwiththoseless-than-outstandinglettersofrec.

"We'renottryingtoassignblameorcriticizeanyoneorcallanyoneconsciouslysexistorsomethinglikethat.Rather,thepointistousetheresultsofthisstudytoopenupmeaningfuldialoguesonimplicitgenderbias,beitatadepartmentalleveloraninstitutionallevelorevenadisciplinelevel."Whichmayleadtosomerecommendationsfortheletterwritersthemselves.

ThanksforlisteningforScientificAmerican—60-SecondScienceScience.I'mChristopherIntagliata.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学。

我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

和许多其他领域一样，科学界也存在性别歧视。

男性起薪更高、能够得到更多的指导，同时被雇佣的几率也更高。

研究表明，男性被认为比女性更胜任STEM（科学、技术、工程、数学）领域的工作。

而新研究发现，男性还更易获得优质的推荐信。

“比如，这是我带过的最优秀的学生。

”哥伦比亚大学拉蒙特校区社会学家、多元融合战略师KuheliDutt说优秀的推荐信一般会这样写。

而一封“还不错”的推荐信则会写：

“该申请人效率高、富有智慧，是个可靠的科学家等这样平实的称赞”，而这些根本不能使她从众多申请人中脱颖而出。

Dutt和她的同事研究了地球科学专业1200多封博士学位的推荐信。

这些推荐信隐去了性别和其他个人信息，这样Dutt和她的团队可以在不知道学生性别的情况下为推荐信评测分数。

他们发现，相比男性，女性申请者只有一半的可能性拿到绝佳的推荐信。

这些推荐信来自世界各地，当然，既有男性写的，也有女性写的。

该结果发表在《自然地球科学》期刊上。

Dutt表示，他们不能仅通过档案数据就来评定申请人的实际科研资质。

然而调查结果还是表明：

在地球科学领域，女性申请者在职业生涯初期就处于潜在劣势，因为她们受到了这些较普通推荐信的影响。

“我们并不是批评或指责任何人，也不是称他们有性别歧视。

而是我们希望利用这项研究结果对隐含的性别偏见展开有意义的对话，在部门级别或机构层面，甚至是学科水平进行探讨。

”这也许会为推荐人提供一些建议。

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。

我是克里斯托弗·因塔利亚塔。

JUDYWOODRUFF:

Thenationmarksthepassingtonightofamajorfigureofthe20thcentury.

JohnGlennwasthefirstAmericantoorbittheplanet,andtheoldestpersonevertogointospace.HepassedawaytodayatahospitalinColumbus,Ohio,attheageof95.PresidentObamajoinedinanoutpouringoftributes,sayingJohnGlennshowedthere'snolimittotheheightswecanreachtogether.AndPresident-electTrumpcalledhimagreatAmericanhero.

Wewillhaveafullreportonhislifelaterintheprogram.

Nowtothepresidentialtransition.WordofJohnGlenn'spassinginColumbus,Ohio,cameshortlybeforeDonaldTrumparrivedinthecityonanalreadyplannedtrip.

ItfollowedmoremovestofillouthisCabinet.

LisaDesjardinsbeginsourcoverage.

LISADESJARDINS:

President-electTrumpleftNewYorkandthetransitionbehindthisafternoon,andflewtomeetwithandfirst-responderstolastweek'sOhioStatestabbings.

DONALDTRUMP（R）,President-Elect:

Wejustsawthevictimsandthefamilies.Andthesewerereallybravepeople,amazingpeople.Thepoliceandfirst-responderswereincredible.

LISADESJARDINS:

Thisevening,it'sIowa,wherehewillcontinueonthatthankyoutourafterstopsNorthCarolinaandOhiointhepastweek,allthatandmorenewsonhisCabinet.Mr.TrumpformallyannouncedScottPruitt,Oklahoma'sattorneygeneralandopponentofclimatechangeregulations,ishischoicetoheadtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,andlatetodaythatAndyPuzderwillbethelaborsecretarynominee.

PuzderisCEOofthecompanythatownsHardee'sandtheCarl'sJr.burgerchains.Hewasanearlysupporterofandfund-raiserforcandidateTrump.He'salsobeenweknowhe'scriticaloftheAffordableCareAct,andheopposesraisingthefederalminimumwage,sayingitwouldmeanfewerjobs.

ANDREWPUZDER,CEO,CKERestaurants:

Whatarewedoingifwe'relockingyoungAmericans,16-to-24year-olds,outofthelaborforce?

That'savery,veryseriousproblematthemomentandincreasingtheminimumwageisjustexacerbatingit.

特朗普前往俄亥俄州处理多项事务

LISADESJARDINS:

ThismeansMr.TrumpnowhasnamedchoicesformorethanhalfofhisCabinet,fromchiefofstaff,totreasurysecretary,toU.N.ambassador.

Thegroupshowsafewinitialtrends.Nearlyhalfhavebeenbusinessexecutives,includingfourwhoarebillionaires.Athirdarecurrentelectedofficials.Andsofar,theproposedCabinetistwiceasmanymenaswomen.

Alsotoday,anotherchapterinthatdealthatMr.TrumpstruckwiththeCarrierCorporationtokeepjobsinIndiana.LocalunionleaderChuckJones,inIndianapolis,questionedthepresident-elect'sclaimthathesaved1,100jobs.Hesaidit'smorelike800.

CHUCKJONES,President,UnitedSteelworkersLocal1999:

Ihavebeeninalotofnegotiationsasaunionrepresentative,soIwouldhavetoassumethatheassuredtheworld—eitherknewtheprecisenumbersormostcertainlyshould've.

LISADESJARDINS:

But,onTwitter,Mr.TrumpsharplyquestionedJones'abilitytofightforworkers.

Elsewhere,thepresident-electdidwinasignificantfighttodayoverGreenPartycandidate'sJillStein'srecountpush.Lastnight,ajudgehaltedtheeffortinMichigan,sayingSteinreceivedtoofewvotestoforcearecount.

AndaHillaryClintonsighting.

HILLARYCLINTON,FormerU.S.SecretaryofState:

ThisisnotexactlythespeechattheCapitolIhopedtobegivingaftertheelection.

LISADESJARDINS:

TheformerDemocraticnomineeappearedattheU.S.CapitolfortheunveilingofaportraitofoutgoingSenateMinorityLeaderHarryReid.

Forthe"PBSNewsHour,"I'mLisaDesjardins.

Englandfootballerscrashout

Ohno,notagain!

England'sfootballteamhavecrashedoutoftheEuro2012footballtournamentafterlosinganotherpenaltyshootout.

The'ThreeLions',asEnglandareknown,werealmostpippedatthepostbyastrongItalianteamwhocameclosetoscoringbeforethefinalwhistle.Butthematchhunginthebalanceatnil-nilafterextratime.

tae138.png

Englandfans–frustratedatfailingonpenaltiesinsixprevioustournaments–werehopefulthiswouldbetheirwinningnight.

Thepsychologicalpressureontheplayerswasmassive.Aftertwosuccessfulpenalties,theomenslookedgood.However,EnglandplayersAshleyYoungandAshleyColemisplacedtheirspot-kicksandfanswereleftwiththeirheartsintheirmouths.

TheskilfulItalianssoonthwartedanyhopeofEnglishvictory.TheItalianstrikerAlessandroDiamantiputthefinalnailinthecoffinbycoollyslottinginthewinnerpastEnglandgoalkeeperJoeHart.

AsItalianfansandplayerscelebrated,Englishdreamswereleftshatteredanddeflated.Englandcaptain,StevenGerrard,saidhisplayerswereheartbrokenattheirdeparturefromthetournament.TheagonisingjinxoflosingamatchonpenaltiescontinuestohaunttheEnglandteam.

Theplayersmustnowreturnhomewiththeirtailsbetweentheirlegs.Butthereissomeconsolation:

theyoungteamonlylostbyanarrowmarginandthesetbackwilllastjusttwoyearsbeforeEnglandmounttheirnextchallengeatthe2014WorldCupinBrazil.

Butiffacedwithanotherpenaltyshootout,canEnglandfinallyovercometheoddsandtriumph?

欧锦赛英格兰被淘汰

哦，不会吧！

英格兰足球队在点球大战中失败之后，被欧锦赛淘汰。

有名的英格兰“三狮军团”在最后一刻被强劲的意大利球队击败，终场哨声响起时，意大利球队差点就进球得分。

加赛时间过后，两个球队最终比分是0比0，未决出胜负。

此前英格兰球队在6场欧锦赛的点球大战中失败，这令英格兰的球迷感到很沮丧，他们希望球员们今晚能取胜。

球员们承受着非常大的心理压力。

在点球赛开始后，英格兰队连胜两场，这是非常好的预兆。

但后来英格兰队员阿什利·杨格和阿什利·科尔点球未进，球迷们开始提心吊胆。

球技高超的意大利队员很快就彻底击败了英格兰队。

意大利球队的前锋亚历山德罗·迪亚曼蒂从容不迫地使球从狭缝中越过英格兰守门员乔·哈特入门，一脚定胜负。

意大利球迷和球员开始欢呼庆祝，而英国人的梦想破灭了，他们感到很沮丧。

英格兰队长史蒂文·杰拉德表示，球员们非常伤心地离开了锦标赛。

英格兰球队一直无法摆脱因点球战失败而被淘汰的厄运。

球员们现在只能夹着尾巴回国了。

但英格兰球员应该感到欣慰的是：

这支年轻的球队虽然失败了，但比分相差极小，这次挫折也只能持续两年，英国将于2014年巴西世界杯发起新的挑战。

但是，如果再来一场点球大战，英格兰球队能克服困难，取得胜利吗？

TrumpNamesUSDefenseSecretaryNominee

AmericanPresident-electDonaldTrumpnamedretiredMarineGeneralJamesMattistobehissecretaryofdefensethisweek.

Mattisleftmilitaryservicethreeyearsago.Atthetime,heledtheU.S.CentralCommand,whichcarriesoutU.S.operationsintheMiddleEast.HewasalsotheSupremeAlliedCommanderofNATOforces.

HisleadershipinthefightagainstenemyforcesinAfghanistanandIraqwonhimrespectamongmanymilitaryleaders.

GeneralJohnNicholsonisthecommanderofinternationalforcesinAfghanistan.

"IfirstmethiminNangaharprovinceinAfghanistan,wherewewereinatoughfightin2006,andhe'saveryinspirationalleader--Iknowheinspiredme."

MichaelO'HanlonwritesaboutmilitaryaffairsattheBrookingsInstitution,aresearchgroupinWashington.

"He'sthoughtofasoneofthebest-read,best-informedandmost-experiencedgeneralsofhisgeneration."

O'HanlonsaysMattisknowsthelimitsofmilitarypower.Hesayshebelievestheformergeneral'sbattlefieldexperiencegiveshimpersuasivepowerwithTrump.O'HanlonsaysTrumpwillbemorelikelytolistentoanargumentforrestraint,forexample,ifitcomesfromMattis.

Currently,Mattisisnotpermittedtotaketheofficeofdefensesecretary,howe