美国保护动物法发展Protection of animal law in the United States.docx
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美国保护动物法发展ProtectionofanimallawintheUnitedStates
美国保护动物法发展1(ProtectionofanimallawintheUnitedStates1)
TheearlyhistoryoftheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStates(1866-1975)-one
(source:
ForthePreventionofCruelty)
[thearea]
Atthebeginningof,
TheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStateshasbeenaroundsince1866,whentheAmericanSocietyforthepreventionofcrueltytoanimals(ASPCA)wasfounded
Onehundredandfiftyyearsofhistory.Theauthorof"preventionofcruelty"isasociologicalpointofview,fromthefoundingoftheASPCAtothe1975
ThedevelopmentoftheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStatesduringtheonehundredandnineyearsbetweenanimalliberationandpublication.
1erabackground
Asearlyasin1641,whentheMassachusettslocalgovernmentwasfounded,thelawspassedcontainedprovisionsonanimals:
Forexample,ninety-second:
nooneshouldbecrueltoanimals,andtheninety-thirdoneistomovethecattlefromoneplacetoanother
Oneshouldgivethemproperrestwhentheyareintheground.However,thesetwodecreesareentirelyfromtheinterestsofmankind,andtheirexistenceisalso
Similarlawswerenotmadeinotherstatesoutsidemassachusetts.TheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStatesmustwaitmorethan200morequietly
BythemiddleofnineteenthCentury,thesocialbaseforitsthrivinggrowthwasreallymature.
Inthesocialenvironmentatthattime,severalfactorscontributedtothedevelopmentoftheanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedstates.
First,walkinginfrontoftheBritishanimalprotectionmovementprovidesagoodexample.Second,alotoftheoreticalandstrategic
Experiencecanbegainedfromtheabolitionistmovement.Third,theinfluenceofDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Fourth,somesocietiesbroughtaboutbytheindustrialrevolution
Ethicalapprehension.
TheanimalprotectionmovementinBritainisseveraldecadesearlierthanintheUnitedstates.In1749,theBritishnewspapersandmagazinesoncecriticizedthefight
Cruelentertainmentsuchaschickens".In1789,thephilosopherJeremy,Bentham,Jeremy,Bentham'sbook,moralityand
IntroductiontolegislativeprinciplesAnIntroductiontothePrinciplesofMoralsandLegislation>firsttime
Applythetheoryofrightstoanimals.Hebelievesthatlawsshouldprovideprotectionfornon-humananimalsbasedonStandards
Thequestionisnot:
cantheyreason?
Notreally:
cantheytalk?
But:
willtheysuffer?
"Bentham
Thisarticlehasinspiredmanypeople,manyabolitionistmovementsandwomen'srightscampaigners,fortheprotectionofanimalsasothermeansofLiberation
Naturalextensionofmotion.In1800and1802,theybeganpromotinganimalprotectionlegislationintheBritishParliament,butallbecauseoftheanti-animallegislation
Therejectionofthefactionfailed.In1809,Bentham'sfriendThomasKaine,EarlofLordThomasErskineMrbias
InCongress,thebilltopromoteanimalprotectionendedinfailure.Itwasn'tuntil1822thatRichardDeMartinRichardMartin
Thesuccessfuladoptionoftheso-calledMartinActstipulatesthatcattle,horses,sheepandmulesshouldnotbesubjectedto"excessive"abuse.Althoughthis
Theprotectionprovidedbythelawisverylimited,butitisanimportantprecedent.Oncecertainanimalsareformallyprotectedbythelaw,
Inthefuture,moreandmoreanimalswillbeincludedinthescopeofprotection.
AlthoughtheMartinactwaspassed,thesuccessofthelegislationdoesnotmeanthatthelawenforcerswillseriouslypursuetheillegalactivities
Responsibilityfor.Tothisend,Martinandhisfriendssuggestedtosetupanorganization,toinvestigateanimalabuseincidentsandthelawsuit
Lawsuitandarousepublicawarenessofanimalprotection.In1824,theworld'sfirstanimalprotectionorganization:
thepreventionofcrueltytoanimals
AssociationSociety,for,the,Prevention,of,Cruelty,to,Animals,orSPCA,wasestablished!
Theorganizationquicklyattractedthesupportofmanypeopleintheupperandmiddleclassesofsociety.Itwasin1833,1835,1849
AndthefoursuccessfulrevisionoftheMartinactin1854,expandingthescopeofthebill,addingdogs,cats,chickens
Allpoultryandlivestock,suchaspigs,areforbiddentohuntanimals,cutpigsearsandsoon.
Forthefirstmorethan10years
SPCA,alsoofhundredsofanimalabuseweresuccessfullysuedouthundredsofthousandsofpropaganda,setupanimalmedicine
Hospital,AnimalAmbulanceServiceandshelterforstraycatsanddogs.In1840,becauseofthesponsorshipofthequeenofEngland,Vitoria,SPCA
Renamed"RoyalSPCA"or"RSPCA"forshort.
By1860,RSPCAhadencounteredunprecedenteddifficulties.Theproblemisawidelydebatedtopic:
Animals
Experiment。
TheanimalprotectioncommunityinBritainisdividedintotwosides.Theschoolbelievesanimalexperimentationisnecessary,butitshould
Acertainamountofsupervisionwasprovidedtoprotectthewelfareofanimals;theotherwastotallyopposedtoanimalexperimentation.Finally,RSPCAleaderspicked
Tookamoremoderateattitude.In1876,RSPCAsuccessfullypersuadedtheBritishParliamenttoadoptthecrueltreatmentofanimals
CrueltytoAnimalsAct.Thelawdoesnotbananimalexperimentation,buttriestosuperviseandcontrolit.
However,themedicalcommunitysoonsucceededinweakeningthelawtoalmostzero.EvenRSPCAwasdeeplydisappointedwiththefinalresult
Look.Theadoptionofthelawhasagainprovidedaprecedentfortheprotectionofanimallaw,butitisalsoasignalagainstanimalprotectors
Powerfulenergyanddebatesabouttheemergenceofradicalswithintheanimalprotectionmovementandconservatives.
TheearlyanimalprotectionmovementintheUnitedStatesinspiredanimalprotectionintheUnitedstates.WiththeBritishexample,thenortheasternUnitedStates
Severalstateshavepassedsomesimilarlaws.ThestateofNewYorkin1828,Massachusetts,passedthelawin1835,againstcruelty
Poultryorlivestockarefinedorgivenafewdays'imprisonment.Theselawsarestillbasedonthe"animalashumanservice"
Butitalsoshowsthatpeoplearegraduallyacceptingtheideathatanimalsshouldbetreatedhumanely.
Continued,
Around1860,twofamouspeoplelivinginPhiladelphia,CarolineWhite,Caroline,WhiteandMorris
WangEnMorrisWalnbegannegotiatingwithfriendsinprivate,settingupRSPCAlikeorganizationsintheUnitedstates.However,1861
TheCivilWar(theAmericanCivilWar)andtheabolitionmovementledtoapostponementoftheanimalprotectiongroupintheUnitedStatesforseveralyears.Butanother
InBritain,asinBritain,theabolitionmovementindirectlystimulatedtheriseofanimalprotectionmovement.Iftheskincolorcannotbeusedas
Withoutthestandardsofinnatehumanrights,onenaturallywonderswhythespeciesissuchaninsurmountabledivide.
Theabolitionmovementnotonlystimulatedpeople'sthinkingaboutwherethebasicrightscamefrom,butalsoforothersocialmovementslater
Itprovidesreferencefortalentandstrategyandtactics.Thosewhohadbeenactiveintheabolitionistmovementsoonjoinedalargenumberofanimalprotection
Themovementtobeoppressed,becausehumananimalservitudeisnot"slave"?
In1890,AnnaSeaver(Anna
Sewell(black)BlackBeauty(Note:
thisbooktellsthestoryofadarkhorselife,thisblackhorse
Youcankeepafirmandgentlehearteveninadversity,anddaretotestit.Thepublicationofthisbookhaschangedsociety
Attitudestowardsanimalsalsoencouragepeopletotakegoodcareoftheirhorses.Thebookisknownastheanimalprotectionmovement
.Manyanimalconservationpioneersbelievethatalthoughtheywerenotunderstoodbythepublic,theywereslaves
Theliberationoftheprisonerswillinevitablyleadtotheliberationofnon-humananimals.
Animalprotectionmovementisadoptedandtheabolitionistmovementisverysimilartothestrategy:
firstlaunchedapropagandaoffensivetoanimal(slave)
Thetragicexperiencewonthesupportofthemasses.Usethepublicsupporttopromotethelegislativeprocess.Earlyanimalprotectiongroupssentpeople
Gotoschoolsandchurchestogivespeeches,publishnewsletters,andsendoutmassflyers.Whenthetimeisripe,theybegin
Usepublicopiniontoexertpressureonpoliticalfiguresinordertoachievethepurposeoflegislation.Moreover,theleadersoftheseorganizationssoonbecameaware
Recognizingthatanationalcoalitionisessentialfornationalanimalprotectionlegislationisessential.Butitissimilartotheabolitionmovement
Oncetheanimalprotectionmovementbegantotakepartinpolitics,itimmediatelyledtodifferencesbetweentheinsideradicalsandtheconservatives.Becauseoftherootdepth
Thereisalsotheoppositionoftraditionalthinking,andtheimprovednatureofanimalprotectionlegislationoftenhastobedonetorivals
Makeabigconcession.Althoughtheselawshaveaveryimportanteducationalsignificance,thepracticaleffecttheycanachieveisoftenlessthanthatofhumanbeings
Italy.Adoptmoderateimprovementorradicalrevolution?
Thisisaproblemthateveryliberationmovementwillface.Untilnow
God,it'sstillatopicofdebateintheanimalprotectionmovement.
Theearlyanimalprotectionmovement,liketheabolitionmovement,sufferednotonlyfromridiculeandridicule,butalsotofaceit
Adirectthreatofforce;paidforthecostofbleeding.Peoplewhointervenedincrueltytoanimalswerebeatenandabused
.Animaladvocatesfollowtheexampleoftheabolitionistmovementandbelievethattheirbeliefswillbeunderstoodbymostpeopleoneday.Darwin
Theriseoftheconceptof"originofspecies"and"retu