文献阅读与翻译整理.docx

文献阅读与翻译整理.docx

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文献阅读与翻译整理

1单元3.LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiterature

Syntactically,scientificliteraturehasrigorousgrammaticalstructures,andinmostcasesisratherunitary.Morphologically,scientificliteratureisfeaturedbyhighspecialization,theuseoftechnicaltermsandjargons,unambiguousimplicationandthefixedsenseoftheword.

2.PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslation

WheneverprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationareunderdiscussioninChina,YanFu’s“three-characterguide”--xin,da,ya,namely,“faithfulness（信）,expressiveness（达）,andelegance（雅）”,whichwasfirstproposedin1898,wouldevokecontroversy.

Despiteavarietyofopinions,twocriteriaarealmostunanimouslyacceptedbyall,namely,thecriterionoffaithfulness/accuracy（忠实/准确）andthatofsmoothness（流畅）.Wemayalsotakethesetwocriteriaastheprinciplesofscientificliteraturetranslation.Byfaithfulness/accuracy,wemeantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle.Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.

3.LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation

Literaltranslation（直译）andfreetranslation（意译）aretwodynamicapproachesindealingwithsuchawkwardsituations.

Forexample,crocodile’stears（鳄鱼的眼泪）,armedtotheteeth（武装到牙齿）,chainreaction（连锁反应）,gentlemen’sagreement（君子协定）,andsoon.Similarly,someChineseidiomsalsofindtheirEnglishcounterpartsthroughliteraltranslation.Forexample,纸老虎（papertiger）,一国两制（onecountry,twosystems）,andsoon.

Adam’sApple喉结atsixesandsevens乱七八槽Itrainscatsanddogs.大雨滂沱Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.不必担心过早。

（不必自寻烦恼。

）Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?

你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗?

Intheapplicationofliteraltranslation,weshouldendeavortoridourselvesofstiffpatternsandrigidadherencetotranslationrules,tryingtobeflexible;whileinthepracticeoffreetranslation,weshouldbecautiousofsubjectivity,avoidinggroundlessaffirmationorarbitraryfabrication.Inactualpractice,weoftenalternateorcombinethesetwoapproachesinsteadstickingtoeither.

SpecialAttention:

TheTranslationofDocumentation

Inordertoexpandhis/herscopeofknowledge,aconscientioustranslatorshouldalwaysdotwothingsonhis/herown:

（1）constantlyexposinghimself/herselftovariousreadingmaterials,variousdocumentsetc.onallsubjectrelevanttohis/herwork;

（2）conscientiouslyconsultingtherelevantbackgroundmaterialsorreferentialmaterialsonthesubjectdealtwithbythetextsoastokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

1.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,usingeitherliteralorfreetranslation.

1）Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity;itwastheseasonoftheLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness;itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair;wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus;wewereallgoingtoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.（这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时斯;这是智惫的年代,这是愚蠢的年代;这是充满信仰的时代,这是顾虑重重的时代;这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节;这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬;我们拥有一切，我们一无所有;我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱.）

2）Agreetingcardcanwarmaheart,holdahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickleafunnybone,dryaneye,surpriseachild,wooasweetheart,toastabride,welcomeastranger,waveagood-bye,shoutabravo,blowakiss,mendaquarrel,easeapain,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.（一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背;它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒,抹去泪汪汪;它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎;它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。

）

2.PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese.

Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesortreasuresforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofthehumanrace.

Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedas“intangibleassets”ofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ontheonehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementsobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies;andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturearerecordsofpreciousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements,andthecrystallizationofhumancivilization.作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。

专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。

因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。

因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前入的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。

3.PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。

简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。

从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。

翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。

因此，翻译有两种要素：

准确性与表达性。

准确性是翻译的首要条件。

译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。

字词的选择与句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。

表达性是使译文易于理解。

换言之，译者必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。

准确性是使译文的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。

Translationistheconversionofanexpressionintoanotherlanguage.Tosayplainlyitisanarttoreproducetheexactideaoftheauthorbymeansofalanguagedifferentfromtheoriginal.Fromtheabovedefinitionoftranslationweknowthattheoriginalthoughtoftheexpressionmustbekeptasexactlyaspossible.Nothingshouldbeaddedtoortakenawayfromtheoriginalwork.Thedutyofthetranslationissimplytochangethevocabularynotthethought.Intranslationtherefore,therearetwoessentialelements:

accuracyandexpressiveness.

Accuracyisthefirstrequisiteoftranslation.Thetranslatormuststicktotheauthor’sideas.Wordsselectedandsentencesconstructedmustbeofsuchnatureaswillconveytheexactoriginalthought.Expressivenessistomakethetranslationreadilyunderstood.Inotherwords,thetranslatormustexpresshisauthor’sideaasclearlyandasforciblyashecanbythemediumheemploys.Accuracyistomakethethoughtdefiniteandexact;whileexpressivenessistomakethetranslationvividandattractive.

Unit2ProfessionalPapers（4hrs）

4）FormattedElements（格式化内容）Thoughtherearenosetrules,acompleteprofessionalpaperinitsfinishedformusuallyhasaregularformatcomposedofthefollowingelements:

thetitle,author（s）,affiliation（s）,abstract,keywords,introduction,bodyofthepaper（theoreticaldescriptionincludingcalculation,inference,reasoning,conclusion,etc.orexperimentaldescriptionincludingtechniques,methods,materials,resultsandanalysis,etc.）,acknowledgments,appendices,referencesorbibliography,

3.EuropeanDegreesInGermanyandatmostContinentaluniversities,onlythedoctor’sdegreeisconferred,exceptintheology,inwhichthelicentiate,ormaster’sdegree,isalsopresented.Grantingofthedoctorateiscontingentupontheacceptanceofadissertationandthepassingofexaminations.Thebaccalaureate,orbachelor’sdegree,isusuallynotauniversitydegreeinEurope.InFrance,itisacquiredbypassingastateexaminationatthecompletionofsecondaryeducation;theonlyuniversity-conferredbaccalaureateisthatawardedbythefacultyoflaw.

（1）Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.

（2）Itisquiteanotherstorynow.（3）Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.（4）He'llbeveryhappyifthatstoryholdsup.（5）TheRitaHaywothstoryisoneofthesaddest.（6）AyoungmancametoScotti'sofficewithastory.

（1）itrefersto“event”;

（2）“situation”;（3）“insideinformation”;（4）“statement”;（5）“experience”;（6）“lawcase.”

（1）这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。

（2）现在的情况完全不同了。

（3）有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。

（4）如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。

（5）丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。

（6）一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。

（1）申请书LetterofApplication

（2）报告书Report（3）协议书Agreement（4）成绩通知书GradeReport（5）（使用）说明书Directions（6）旅行委托书BookingForm（7）成交确认书SalesConfirmation（8）电视机使用说明书TelevisionOperationGuide（9）白皮书WhiteBook（10）家书LetterfromHome

.3）JudgingfromtheContextandCollocation

Lookat“develop”inthefollowingcases.

（1）Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.（发生故障）

（2）Modemaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.（产生升力）（3）Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.（发明避雷针）（4）Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.（5）Untilthedomaintheoryofmagnetismwasdeveloped,theydidnothavemuchsuccess.（提出理论）（6）Todevelopthecapabilitiesofgeophysicalprospecting,therenewalofthetechniquesandequipmentisthefirstthingtobeconsidered.（提高能力）（7）Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.（培育新品种）（8）AsyoungGoddardgrewintomanhood,hedevelopedtuberculosis.（患上结核病（9）Wemustdevelopallthenaturalsubstancesinourcountrywhichcanmakeusrich.（开发资源）（10）Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.（开采矿床）（11）Indevelopingadesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringandmaterialscience.（进行设计）

4）JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties

Forexample,theword“base”:

（1）Thelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。

（机械）Asweallknow,abasereactswithanacidtoformasalt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。

（化学）（3）Atransistorhasthreeelectrodes,theemitter,thebaseandthecollector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。

（电子）（4）LineABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。

（数学）（5）Heisonthesecondbase.他在二垒。

（体育）

UnitThreeReports

4.LinguisticFeaturesofReports

1VariousPatterns2Self-sufficient3MoreActiveVoice4ClearCitation5StandardLanguage

6.SampleAnalysis

MEMORANDUM

TO:

AudreyRivers

Manager,HumanResourcesFROM:

KevinYoung

PersonnelAssistant

SUBJECT:

EvaluationoftheRoningGro