大学思辨英语精读Unit2SociologicalInvestigation参考答案.docx

大学思辨英语精读Unit2SociologicalInvestigation参考答案.docx

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大学思辨英语精读Unit2SociologicalInvestigation参考答案

Unit2SociologicalInvestigation

TextA

PreparatoryWork

（1）

Experiment:

variable,hypothesis,stimulus,controlgroup

SurveyResearch:

sampling,questionnaire,interview,close-endedquestions,open-endedquestions,codesheet,telephonesurvey

FieldResearch:

observation,participant

AnalysisofExistingData:

contentanalysis,statistics

（2）

Hawthorneeffect:

TheHawthorneeffect（alsoreferredtoastheobservereffect）isatypeofreactivityinwhichindividualsmodifyorimproveanaspectoftheirbehaviorinresponsetotheirawarenessofbeingobserved.TheoriginalresearchattheHawthorneWorksinCicero,Illinois,onlightingchangesandworkstructurechangessuchasworkinghoursandbreaktimeswereoriginallyinterpretedbyEltonMayoandotherstomeanthatpayingattentiontooverallworkerneedswouldimproveproductivity.Thisinterpretationwasdubbed“theHawthorneeffect”.

（3）（open）

TeachingSuggestion

Youcanusethedatabanksofthetwointernationalorganizationstocheckouttheworldoranyparticularcountry’sinformationintermsofGDP,population,territoryarea,humandevelopmentindexetc.

TheUnitedNations（http:

//www.un.org/en/）:

datapage:

http:

//data.un.org/

TheWorldBank（http:

//www.worldbank.org/）:

http:

//data.worldbank.org/

YoucanalsousethewebsiteoftheStatisticalBureauofChinatocheckoutanystatisticalinformationaboutChina:

CriticalReading

I.Understandingthetext

1.

Thesis:

HowSociologyIsDone（Researchmethods/techniquesemployedinsociology）

Part

Para（s）.

Mainidea

IIntroduction

1

Sociologyasascienceanditsmainresearchmethods

IIHowdoyouknowwhatyouknow?

2-9

Authority,tradition,religion,personalexperience,andmysticismV.S.scientificmethods

IIITheexperiment

10-14

Itisaresearchtechniqueinwhichtheresearchermanipulatesastimulustotesttheoriesofcauseandeffect.

IVSurveyresearch

15-22

Itisusedanddesignedtostudysamplesinordertomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,personalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipants.

VFieldresearch

23-29

Itismostlyresemblesourdailycasualobservationsofandparticipationinsocialbehavior,aswellasourattempttounderstandsuchbehavior.

VIAnalysisofexistingdata

30-36

It’samethodinwhichsociologistsanalyzedataoriginallycollectedbyothers

VIIConclusion

37

Thesisrepeated:

Sociologyisasciencebecauseitusesscientificresearchmethods

2.

（1）“commonsense”:

Commonsenseisabasicabilitytoperceive,understand,andjudgethings,whichissharedby（“commonto”）nearlyallpeopleandcanreasonablybeexpectedofnearlyallpeoplewithoutanyneedfordebate.However,manyofthecommonsensebeliefsareactuallylackinginsupportfromscientificevidencesandthereforebiasedandprejudiced.

（2）Ordinarypeopleoftendefinetheirrealityandwhattheyknowthroughauthoritativeopinions,traditionalbeliefs,personalexperience,andmysticism（superstition）.Themajordifferencesbetweenthiskindof“commonsense”viewknowledgeandtheresults/factsidentifiedthroughscientificmethodsare:

theformerarenotbasedonlogicalreasoningandhardevidencesandthereforetendtobesubjectiveandbiasedwhilethelatterarejustopposite.

（3）Thethreemajorcomponentsofthescientificmethodaretheory,operationalization,andobservation.Theoryprovidesthefoundationforconceptssothatstatementsabouttherelationshipamongvariablescanbecreated.Operationalizationallowsforthemeasurementofthevariablessothattheymaybeempiricallyexamined.Andobservationinvolvestheactualcollectionofdatatotestthehypothesis.

（4）

TypesofSocialPhenomena

Content

1.Meaningsandsymbols

Aspectsofculturesuchasnorms,worldviews,andlanguage

2.Practice

Variouskindsofbehaviorsuchasvotingbehaviorsormorningrituals（forexample,washingone’sfaceandreadingthedailynewspaper）

3.Episodes

Avarietyofevents,includingdivorce,crime,illness,andhowpeoplemayreactduringtimeofdisasters,suchasearthquakes,floods,orthebanningofmusictelevisionvideo（MTV）

4.Encounters

Twoormorepeoplemeetingandinteractinginimmediateproximitywithoneanother.Agoodexampleofthisispeopleridinginanelevator

5.Roles

Thepositionspeopleoccupyandthebehaviorassociatedwiththosepositions:

occupations,familyroles,ethnicgroups

6.Relationships

Thekindsofbehaviorshowninpairsorsetsofroles:

mother-daughterrelationships,friendships,andsoon.

7.Groups

Smallgroups,suchasgangs,athleticteams,andworkgroups.

8.Organizations

Formalorganizations,suchascorporationsoruniversities

9.Settlements

Smaller-scale“societies”suchasvillages,ghettos,andneighborhoods

（5）

Method&briefdescription

Advantages

Disadvantages

Theexperimentisaresearchtechniqueinwhichtheresearchermanipulatesastimulus—theindependentvariable—totesttheoriesofcauseandeffect

Excellentdevicesfortestinghypothesesaboutcauseandeffect（canberepeatedandcanbequickinidentifyingresults）

●Couldexposesubjectstothepossibilityofharm

●Subjectsoftenbehavedifferentlyunderscientificobservation

●Laboratoryexperimentsareoftenhighlyartificial

Surveyresearchisusedanddesignedtostudysamplesinordertomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,personalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipants.

Canstudysamples,limitednumbersofpeoplerepresentinganentiregroupofpeoplewhosharesimilarcharacteristics

Canbedesignedtomeasureattitudes,beliefs,values,personalitytraits,andbehaviorofparticipants

Itisnotthebeststrategyforstudyingdeviantorundesirablebehaviorsorforgettingatideasandfeelingsthatcannoteasilybereducedtoquestionnaireform.

Itisdesignedtostudyindividualsratherthansocialcontexts.

Fieldresearchismostlyresemblesourdailycasualobservationsofandparticipationinsocialbehavior,aswellasourattempttounderstandsuchbehavior.

Mayinvestigatevarioustypesofsocialphenomena

Canrevealthingsthatwouldnototherwisebeapparent

Thepresenceofanobserving,thinkingresearcheronthesceneoftheaction（acuteobservation）

Cannotberepeatedandappliedtosimilarsituations

Theresearchersasparticipantsrelyonpersonalperceptionandjudgement,thusmightbebiased

MightsufferfromtheHawthorneeffect

Analysisofexistingdataisamethodinwhichsociologistsanalyzedataoriginallycollectedbyothers.Itincludescontentanalysis,theanalysisofexistingstatistics,andhistorical-comparativeanalysis.

Widerangeofallkindsofdata

Savingtime

Savingmoney

Theaccuracyofmuchexistingdatamaybedifficulttoassess.

Thepotentialforerroranddistortionmeansthat“whatyouseemaynotbewhatyouget.”

II.Evaluationandexploration

（1）Anauthorityisaspecialistincertainfieldofknowledgethereforeanauthority,specializedknowledgefromanauthorityiscloserto“truth”,butheisnotaknowing-allfigure,andhemightalsobebiasedinhisattitudetowardsomeissues.Atraditionisabelieforbehaviorpasseddownwithinagrouporsocietywithsymbolicmeaningorspecialsignificancewithoriginsinthepast.Theyarefollowedbyandconsideredrightbycertaingroupofpeople,butcannotappliedtoothergroupswhohavetheirowntradition;andsincetheyareformedandpasseddownfromthepast,theymightnotbeapplicabletothepresentworld.Religionsmaycontainsymbolicstories,whicharesometimessaidbyfollowerstobetrue,thathavethesidepurposeofexplainingtheoriginoflife,theUniverse,andotherthings.Traditionally,faith,inadditiontoreason,hasbeenconsideredasourceofreligiousbeliefs.However,religiousbeliefsmostlylackinempiricalorscientificproof.Personalexperienceisbasedonone’sreallifeandrealityandthereforecloserto“reality”,butitisbasedonanindividual’sencounterandperspectiveonreality,andcannottotallyrepresentthecommonexperiencesharedbyagroupofpeople.MysticismispopularlyknownasbecomingonewithGodortheAbsolute,butmayrefertoanykindofecstasyoralteredstateofconsciousnesswhichisgivenareligiousorspiritualmeaning.Itmayalsorefertotheattainmentofinsightinultimateorhiddentruths,andtohumantransformationsupportedbyvariouspracticesandexperiences.Butitisbasedonreligionorsuperstition,evenfartherawayfrombeingobjectiveandscientific.

（2）Sincesociologistsbasetheirresearchandconclusiononempiricalstudywithscientificmethod,itissimilartothedisciplinesofnaturalscience,buttherearetwofactorsthatdifferentiateitfromnaturalsciences.Theobjectofstudyishumanbeingwhocanbeverycomplicatedandchangewithtime.Alsothesociologistsarealsohumanbeingswhocanbesubjectiveorevenbiasedintheirstudy.Inthissense,sociologyisstillnotequaltonaturalscienceinobjectivity.

（3）ThehypothesisoftheStanfordprisonexperimentisthatchangeofrolesorenvironmentcauseschangeofhumanbehavior（effect）.Theindependentvariableisthetworoles（prisonerandprisonguard）assignedtothe24studentswhoareallrandomlyselected（sampling）fromamongtheuniversitystudents,andthedependentvariableistheir（changeof）behavior.

（4）First,experimentsareoftennotpossiblebecausetheywouldexposesubjectstothepossibilityofharm.Forexample,whatifaresearcherwantedtoknowwhetherpeoplewhowereabusedaschildrenaremorelikelytoabusetheirchildren?

Second,thesubjectsoftenbehavedifferentlywhentheyareunderscientificobservationfromthewaytheywouldintheirnorma