教育心理学双语.docx
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教育心理学双语
U1AnIntroductiontoEducationalPsychology
KEYWORDS
Treatment
治疗
Negativecorrelation
负相关
Variables
变量
Uncorrelated
不相关
Laboratory
实验室
Descriptive
Researches
描述研究
Internalvalidity
内部效度
Actionresearch
行为研究
Externalvalidity
外部效度
Correlationalstudy
相关性研究
Controlgroup
对照组
Qualitativeresearches
定性研究
Quantitativeresearches
定量研究
Positivecorrelation
正相关
Questions
1.Whyiseducationalpsychologyvaluableforteachers?
为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值？
Becauseaccordingtheeducationalpsychology,teachercanmakedecisionsbetter.
ItprovidedteachersaIanguagetodiscussourexperiencesandthinking.
2.Generallyspeaking,whatiseducationalpsychologyconcernedabout?
般来说，教育心理学关注的是什么？
Thestudyof
1.Learners
2.Learning
3.Teaching
thenatureofstudentsprinciplesoflearningmethodsofteaching
U2HowPiagetViewDevelopment
schemes
格式
conservation
守恒
adaptation
适应
centration
自我中心化
assimilation
同化
reversibility
可逆性
accommodation
顺应
reflexes
反射
Cognitive
认知结构论
Equilibration
平衡
structure
1.ToPiaget,howdidonedevelopcognitively?
1.Knowledgecomesfromaction.知识来自行动。
2.Developmentdependsonchild'smanipulationandactiveinteractionwiththeenvironment.发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用。
3.Achild'scognitiveabilitiesprogressthroughfourdistinctstages.Eachstageischaracterizedbytheemergenceofnewabilitiesandwaysofprocessinginformation.
孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展，每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现。
2.AccordingtoPiaget'stheory,whatisthebestwaytotreatachild?
1.Toknowtheprocesschildrenusetogettotheanswerisasimportantastheresult.
知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要。
2.Children'sself-initiated,activeinvolvementinlearningactivitiesiscrucialtotheirrecognition.孩子自己发现，积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。
3.Prematureeducationisnotnecessaryforchildren.过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的
4.Childrendevelopatthesamesequencebutdifferentrates,soindividualsandsmallgroupactivitiesshouldbeproperlyarrangedinclass.孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度，所以课堂活动安排要合理。
3.HowcanlearninghappenaccordingtoPiaget?
Accordingtopiaget,learningdependsonthisprocessofassimilationandaccommodation.
Assimilationunderstandingnewexperiencesintermsofexistingschemes.
Accommodationmodifyingexistingschemestofitnewsituations.
U3HowVygotskyViewCognitiveDevelopment
signsystem符号系统ZPD最近发展期
self-regulation自我调节scaffolding支架教学
1.ToVygotsky,howdidonedevelopcognitively?
1.Developmentdependsonthesignsystemsthatindividualsgrowupwith.
2.Cognitivedevelopmentisstronglylinkedtoinputfromothers.Itisaprocess
oflearningfromothersandinternalizing.
2.AccordingtoVygotsky'stheory,whatisthebestwaytotreatachild?
1.Readingisveryimportantinchildren'sintellectualdevelopment;
阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要
2.Imitationandcooperationisefficientwaysinchildren'sstudy;
模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式
3.TeachingisfindingtheproperZPDofchildren;
找到孩子的最近发展期
4.Encourageprivatespeechesduringsolvingtasks;
解决问题时鼓励自言自语
5.Teachthewayofdoingthingsinorderthatstudentscanknowhowtodo,not
onlywhattodo.
教会学生如何去做而不是做什么
4.HowcanlearninghappenaccordingtoVygotsky?
Learningdependsontheprocessofself-regulation
Actionandsoundhaveameaning
Practice
Usingsignstothinkandsolveproblem
TOPIC4TheoryintoPractice
1.MakeabriefcomparisonbetweenPiaget'sandVygotsky'stheories.
Wheredotheyagreewitheachother?
1.Childrenareactive.
2.Trial-and-errorisalwaysawaytolearn.
3.Facingchallengeswillimproveone'sdevelopment.
4.Developingistoimproveone'swaysofthinking&solvingproblems.
Wherearetheydifferent?
1.Developmentdependsoninteractionwiththeenvironmentormorecompetenthumanbeings.
2.LearningimprovesorDEPENDSONdevelopment.
3.Cognitivestructureorsignsystems.
4.Developmentbeginsfrombornabilityorsociety.
5.Assimilation&accommodationorinternalization.
WhatisinitforUS?
1.Developmentisindependent.Nobodycantaketheplaceofanother.
2.Activeinteractionwithothersisthemaincause.
3.Adultscanhelpchildrenin2ways:
givingthemchancestotry&handleerrors;
andhelpingthemwhentheyreallyneed（ZPD）.
2.Whatcanwedoinclassteachingaccordingtotheirtheory?
1.Itisnotagoodideatogetyourkidstositandlistenexceptreading.
2.Makingchancestogetyourkidstodosomethingbythemselvesisalwayshelpful.
3.Giveyourkidstasksindividuallyorinsmallgroupsifyoucan.Itisaproper
waytofindtheirZPDwherelearninghappens.
4.Trytogiveopportunitiesforyourkidstotalkinwhichyouwillfindoutwhen
andhowtohelp（scaffolding）.
3.Whenplanningtoteach,whatshouldweconsideraccordingtotheirideas?
1.Whatcanthekidsdowiththeirhands?
2.Whathavetheyknownaboutmycontent?
3.CanImakethecontentintotasksforsmallgroups?
4.WhatabilitiesofthekidscanIuseintheclass?
5.Isitpossibletointroduceotherareasintothisclass?
6.HowlongdoIplanforthekidstositandlistentome?
7.Whatelsemaydrawthechildrenattention?
TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearnin
（1）TheoreticalBasis
learning
学习
extinction
消失
stimulus
刺激
classical
经典条件反射
conditioning
Laboratory
实验室
operant
操作性条件反射
conditioning
conditioned
有条件刺激
negative/positive
负强化/正强化
stimulus
reinforcer
unconditioned
无条件刺激
primary/second
一级强化物
stimulus
reinforcer
二级强化物
neutralstimulus
无关刺激
punishment
惩罚
shaping
塑造
一级强化物：
满足人类的基本需求
二级强化物：
与一级强化物相联系
1.Howcanweusereinforcementintheclassroom?
1.Decidewhatbehaviorsyouwant;
2.Tellthestudentswhatbehaviorsyouwant;
3.Reinforcethewantedbehaviorsandtellthe
studentswhy;
4.Reinforceproperbehaviorsassoonaspossible;
5.Getthestudentstojudgetheirownandtheirclassmates'behaviorsandtrytotellwhy.
6.Makesuretoturnthemintonewhabits.
2.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheusageofreinforcement?
优点
1.低端学生形成新行为时非常有效。
2.通过培养新行为来减少不良行为
缺点：
1.让孩子形成依赖
2.被动习惯
TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearnin（g2）Reinforcement
1.Canyoutelltheprocessofareinforcement?
Operation--pleasantconsequence--strengtheningbehavior
2.Whatisthegeneralwaytousereinforcementinyourclass?
1.Decidewhatbehaviorsyouwant
2.Tellthestudentswhatbehaviorsyouwant
3.Reinforcethewantedbehaviorsandtellthestudentswhy
4.Reinforceproperbehaviorsassoonaspossible
5.
andtry
Getthestudentstojudgetheirownandtheirclassmates'behaviorstotellwhy
6.Makesuretoturnthemintonewhabits
3.Whatcanwedoifwewanttostopthekids'learnedbehaviors?
（Ifyouwanttostopalearnedbehavior….）
1.Neglectingandpatienceareusuallyneeded
2.Tellingkidswhatyouwilldoandwhy
3.Shiftyourattentiontohisotherbehavior
4.Praisinghimoncehehasimprovement,evenverylittle.
Shapinganewbehaviorisusuallyawaytostopanunwantedone.
4.Whatshouldyoudoifyouwanttostoporformabehavioraccordingtotheory
ofreinforcement?
2+3
5.Whatshouldyouavoiddoingwhenusingreinforcement?
1.不要过度运用强化
2.不要强化错误行为
TOPIC5BehavioralTheoriesofLearnin（g3）
SkillsofReinforcement
Maintenance
强化
variable-ratioschedule
变化比率强化计划
Intrinsicreinforcer
内部强化
fixed-interval
固定时间强化计划
schedule
extrinsicreinforcer
外部强化
extinction
消减
shaping/extinction
塑造/消减
Reinforcement
强化
fixed-ratioschedule
固定比率强化计划
modeling
模仿
punishment
惩罚
observational
观察学习
learning
variable-interval
不固定时间
vicariouslearning
替代学习
schedule
强化计划
1.Whatdoessociallearningtheoryemphasize?
SocialLearningTheoryisalearningtheorythatemphasizesnotonly
reinforcementbutalsotheeffectsofthoughtonaction&actiononthought.
2.Listthefourphasesofobservationallearning.
Attention:
payingattentiontoamodel（attractive,successful,interesting,&popular）.
Retention:
imitatingthebehavioronehavepaidattentionto.
Reproduction:
matchone'sbehaviortothemodel's.
Motivation:
imitatingamodelforreinforcements.
TOPIC6
COGNITIVETHEORIESOFLEARNING⑴
Informationprocessing
Informationprocessingmodel
信息加工模型
rehearsal
训练
attention
注意力
Episodicmemory
情景记忆
Workingmemory
工作记忆
Procedural
程序记忆
memory
Short-term
短时记忆
Semanticmemory
语义记忆
memory
Long-term
长时记忆
memory
1.Whatisthesequeneeofinformationprocessing?
Long-termmemory
Thesequenceofinformationprocessing
2.Howisthecapacity
（容量）ofworkingmemory?
Whatdoesitmeantoa
teacher?
7±2items
1.Don'tteachtoomuchtoorapidlyinclass.
2.Alwaysgivestudentstimeandchaneetorehearse.
3.Helpstudentscombinenewknowledgewiththeold.
3.Accordingtoinformationprocessingmodel,howdoesforgettingoccur?
NottransferredtoIong-termmemory
Losttheabilitytorecall
TOPIC6
COGNITIVETHEORIESOFLEARNING
（2）
Memory
retroactive
倒摄抑制
primacyeffect
首因效应
interferenee
proactive
前摄抑制
recencyeffect
近因效应
interferenee
retroactive
倒摄促进
massedpractice
集中练习
facilitation
proactive
前摄促进
distributed
分散练习
facilitation
practice
1.WhatfactorscontributetoIong-termretention?
Rehearsal&Coding
Makinginformationmeaningful
Connectingnew&oldinformation
2.Whatcanwedotoavoidinterferenee?
1.Don'tteachtoomuchatatime.
2.Don'tteachsimilarthingsclosely.
3.Trytoteachsimilarthingsindifferentways.
4.Learnnewinformationwellinthefirstplace.
5.Comparesimilarthingsfromtimetotime.
3
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