教育心理学双语.docx

1、教育心理学双语U1 An Introduction to Educational PsychologyKEY WORDSTreatme nt治疗Negative correlatio n负相关Variables变量Un correlated不相关Laboratory实验室DescriptiveResearches描述研究Internal validity内部效度Action research行为研究External validity外部效度Correlati onal study相关性研究Con trol group对照组Qualitative researches定性研究Quan titat

2、ive researches定量研究Positive correlati on正相关Questio ns1.Why is educati onal psychology valuable for teachers?为什么教育心理学对教师来说有价值？Because according the educational psychology, teacher can makedecisions better.It provided teachers a Ianguage to discuss our experiences and thinking.2.Gen erally speak ing, w

3、hat is educati onal psychology concerned about?般来说，教育心理学关注的是什么 ？The study of1. Learners2. Learning3. Teachingthe nature of students principles of learning methods of teachingU2 How Piaget View Developmentschemes格式conservation守恒adaptation适应centration自我中心化assimilation同化reversibility可逆性accommodation顺应r

4、eflexes反射Cognitive认知结构论Equilibration平衡structure1.To Piaget, how did one develop cognitively?1.Knowledge comes from action. 知识来自行动。2.Development depends on child s manipulation and active interaction with the environment. 发展取决于孩子的行为以及环境的相互作用。3.A child s cognitive abilities progress through four disti

5、nct stages. Each stage is characterized by the emergence of new abilities and ways of processing information.孩子的认知能力经过四个阶段的发展，每一个阶段的特点是新的能力和方法的出现。2.According to Piaget s theory, what is the best way to treat a child?1.To know the process children use to get to the answer is as important as the resul

6、t.知道孩子学习的过程和结果一样重要。2.Children s self-initiated, active involvement in learning activities is crucial to their recognition. 孩子自己发现，积极参与学习活动对他们的认知发展极为重要。3.Premature education is not necessary for children. 过早的学习对孩子来说是没有必要的4.Children develop at the same sequence but different rates, so individuals and

7、small group activities should be properly arranged in class. 孩子成长按照相同的程序但是不同的速度，所以课堂活动安排要合理。3.How can learning happen according to Piaget?Accord ing to piaget , lear ning depe nds on this process of assimilati on and accommodatio n.Assimilatio n un dersta nding new experie nces in terms of exist ing

8、 schemes.Accommodati on modify ing existi ng schemes to fit new situatio ns.U3 How Vygotsky View Cognitive Developmentsign system 符号系统 ZPD 最近发展期self-regulation 自我调节 scaffold ing 支架教学1.To Vygotsky, how did one develop cog nitively?1.Developme nt depe nds on the sig n systems that i ndividuals grow up

9、 with.2.Cogn itive developme nt is stro ngly lin ked to in put from others. It is a processof learning from others and internalizing.2.According to Vygotsky s theory, what is the best way to treat a child?1.Reading is very important in children s intellectual development;阅读对孩子智力发展十分重要2.Imitation and

10、 cooperation is efficient ways in children s study;模仿和合作是孩子学习的有效方式3.Teachi ng is finding the proper ZPD of childre n;找到孩子的最近发展期4.En courage private speeches duri ng solvi ng tasks;解决问题时鼓励自言自语5.Teach the way of doing thi ngs in order that stude nts can know how to do, notonly what to do.教会学生如何去做而不是做什

11、么4.How can lear ning happe n accord ing to Vygotsky?Lear ning depe nds on the process of self-regulati onAction and sound have a meaningPracticeUsing sig ns to think and solve problemTOPIC 4 Theory into Practice1.Make a brief comparison between Piaget s and Vygotsky s theories.Where do they agree wi

12、th each other?1.Childre n are active.2.Trial-a nd-error is always a way to lear n.3.Facing challenges will improve one s development.4.Developing is to improve one s ways of thinking & solving problems.Where are they differe nt?1.Developme nt depe nds on in teracti on with the environment or more co

13、mpete nt huma n bei ngs.2.Lear ning improves or DEPENDS ON developme nt.3.Cogn itive structure or sig n systems.4.Developme nt beg ins from born ability or society.5.Assimilati on & accommodati on or intern alizati on.What is in it for US?1.Developme nt is in depe ndent. Nobody can take the place of

14、 ano ther.2.Active interaction with others is the main cause.3.Adults can help children in 2 ways: giving them chances to try & handle errors;and helping them when they really need (ZPD).2.What can we do in class teach ing accord ing to their theory?1.It is not a good idea to get your kids to sit an

15、d liste n except read ing.2.Making chances to get your kids to do something by themselves is always helpful.3.Give your kids tasks individually or in small groups if you can. It is a properway to find their ZPD where lear ning happe ns.4.Try to give opport un ities for your kids to talk in which you

16、 will find out whe nand how to help (scaffoldi ng).3.When pla nning to teach, what should we con sider accord ing to their ideas?1.What can the kids do with their han ds?2.What have they known about my content?3.Can I make the content into tasks for small groups?4.What abilities of the kids can I us

17、e in the class?5.Is it possible to in troduce other areas into this class?6.How long do I pla n for the kids to sit and liste n to me?7.What else may draw the childre n atte nti on?TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learnin( 1) Theoretical Basislear ning学习ext in cti on消失stimulus刺激classical经典条件反射con diti

18、 oningLaboratory实验室opera nt操作性条件反射con diti oningcon diti oned有条件刺激n egative/positive负强化/正强化stimulusrei nforceruncon diti oned无条件刺激primary/sec ond一级强化物stimulusrei nforcer二级强化物n eutral stimulus无关刺激puni shme nt惩罚shap ing塑造一级强化物：满足人类的基本需求二级强化物：与一级强化物相联系1.How can we use rein forceme nt in the classroom?1

19、.Decide what behaviors you want;2.Tell the stude nts what behaviors you want;3.Reinforce the wan ted behaviors and tell thestude nts why;4.Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible;5.Get the stude nts to judge their own and their classmates behaviors and try to tell why.6.Make sure to tur n the

20、m into new habits.2.What are the adva ntages and disadva ntages of the usage of rein forceme nt?优点1.低端学生形成新行为时非常有效。2.通过培养新行为来减少不良行为缺点：1.让孩子形成依赖2.被动习惯TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learnin（g 2） Reinforcement1.Can you tell the process of a reinforcement?Operation- pleasant consequence- strengthening b

21、ehavior2.What is the general way to use reinforcement in your class?1.Decide what behaviors you want2.Tell the students what behaviors you want3.Reinforce the wanted behaviors and tell the students why4.Reinforce proper behaviors as soon as possible5.and tryGet the students to judge their own and th

22、eir classmates behaviors to tell why6.Make sure to turn them into new habits3.What can we do if we want to stop the kids learned behaviors?（If you want to stop a learned behavior .）1.Neglecting and patience are usually needed2.Telling kids what you will do and why3.Shift your attention to his other

23、behavior4.Praising him once he has improvement, even very little.Shaping a new behavior is usually a way to stop an unwanted one.4.What should you do if you want to stop or form a behavior according to theoryof reinforcement?2+35.What should you avoid doing when using reinforcement?1.不要过度运用强化2.不要强化错

24、误行为TOPIC 5 Behavioral Theories of Learnin（g 3）Skills of ReinforcementMaintenance强化variable-ratio schedule变化比率强化计划Intrin sic rei nforcer内部强化fixed-i nterval固定时间强化计划scheduleextri nsic rein forcer外部强化exti nction消减shap in g/ext inction塑造/消减Rei nforceme nt强化fixed-ratio schedule固定比率强化计划modeli ng模仿puni shme

25、 nt惩罚observatio nal观察学习lear ningvariable-i nterval不固定时间vicarious lear ning替代学习schedule强化计划1.What does social lear ning theory emphasize?Social Learning Theory is a learning theory that emphasizes not onlyrein forceme nt but also the effects of thought on acti on & acti on on thought.2.List the four

26、phases of observati on al lear ning.Atte nti on: pay ing atte nti on to a model (attractive, successful, i nterest ing, & popular).Retention: imitating the behavior one have paid attention to.Reproduction: match one s behavior to the model s.Motivati on: imitat ing a model for rei nforceme nts.TOPIC

27、 6COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING Information processingIn formatio n process ing model信息加工模型rehearsal训练atte nti on注意力Episodic memory情景记忆Worki ng memory工作记忆Procedural程序记忆memoryShort-term短时记忆Semantic memory语义记忆memoryLon g-term长时记忆memory1. What is the seque nee of in formati on process ing?Long-term me

28、moryThe sequence of information processing2. How is the capacity(容量) of work ing memory? What does it mean to ateacher?7 2 items1.Don t teach too much too rapidly in class.2.Always give stude nts time and cha nee to rehearse.3.Help stude nts comb ine new kno wledge with the old.3.Accord ing to in fo

29、rmatio n process ing model, how does forgett ing occur?Not tran sferred to Ion g-term memoryLost the ability to recallTOPIC 6COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING (2)Memoryretroactive倒摄抑制primacy effect首因效应in terfere neeproactive前摄抑制rece ncy effect近因效应in terfere neeretroactive倒摄促进massed practice集中练习facilita

30、ti onproactive前摄促进distributed分散练习facilitati onpractice1.What factors con tribute to Ion g-term rete nti on?Rehearsal & Codi ngMaking in formati on meanin gfulConnecting new & old in formatio n2.What can we do to avoid in terfere nee?1.Don t teach too much at a time.2.Don t teach similar things closely.3.Try to teach similar things in different ways.4.Lear n new in formati on well in the first place.5.Compare similar things from time to time.3