托福听力原文.docx

托福听力原文.docx

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托福听力原文

Conversation1:

Passage1

Man:

Hi.AreyouPaula?

$Woman:

Jim?

$Man:

Hi.Nicetomeetyou.

$Woman:

Gladtomeetyou.

$Man:

So,youneedsometutoringinEnglish?

$Woman:

Yeah.I'mtakingEnglishcomposition,andI'mnotdoingverywellonmyessays.

$Man:

Right.Um,well,firstlet'sseeifwecanfigureoutatimetomeet...thatwe'rebothfree.

$Woman:

Okay.

$Man:

HowaboutMondays?

Maybeinthemorning?

Idon'thaveanyclassesuntilelevenonMondays.

$Woman:

Thatwouldwork,butIwashopingwecould,youknow,meetmorethanonceaweek.

$Man:

Oh.Well,Tuesdaysareout.I'vegotclassesand,uh,IworkatthelibraryparttimeonTuesdaysandThursdays.ButIcouldgettogetheronWednesdays.

$Woman:

Inthemorning?

$Man:

Probablynine-thirtywouldbebest.Thatwaywe'dhaveanhourtoworkbeforeI'dhavetogetreadyformyeleveno'clock.

$Woman:

Sothatwouldbetwohoursaweekthen?

$Man:

Icoulddothat.

$Woman:

Oh,but,wouldthatbeextra?

Youknow,2.wouldIneedtopayyoufortheextrasession连续授课时间?

$Man:

No.Um,justsoyoumeetmehereattheLearningCenter,andwebothsignin,thenI'llgetpaid.Tutoringisfree,toyou,Imean.Theschoolpaysme.Butwebothhavetoshowup.3Ifyoudon'tshowupandsigninforasession,thenIdon'tgetpaid.So...

$Woman:

Oh,don'tworryaboutthat.Ireallyneedthehelp.Iwon'tmissanysessionsunlessI'msickorsomething.

$Man:

Okaythen.Soyouwantmetohelpyouwithyouressays?

$Woman:

Right.Icouldbringyousomethathave,youknow,commentsonthem.I'mgettingC'sand...

$Man:

Well,that'snottoobad.OnceIseesomeofyourwriting,weshouldbeabletopullthatup（名次提前）toaB.

$Woman:

Youthinkso?

$Man:

Sure.ButIneedtoexplainsomething.Someofmystudentsinthepast...theyexpectedmetowritetheiressaysforthem.Butthat'snotwhatatutorissupposedtodo.4.Myjobistohelpyoubeabetterwriter.

$Woman:

Oh,Iunderstandthat.Butyou'llreadmyessays,right?

$Man:

Ohyeah.Noproblem.We'llreadthemtogether,andI'llmakesuggestions.

$Woman:

Great.IthinkpartoftheproblemisIjustdon'tunderstandtheteacher'scomments.$Maybeyoucanhelpmefigurethemout.

$Man:

Sure.Who'stheteacher?

$Woman:

Simpson.

$Man:

5.Noproblem.I'vetutoredacoupleofherstudents,soIknowmoreorlesswhereshe'scomingfrom.Okay,then.Iguesswe'llmeethereonMonday.

$Woman:

I'llbehere.Nine-thirtyyousaid.

$Man:

Justsigninwhenyougethere.

Passage2

Professor:

6.Okay,todaywe’regoingtodiscussthefourmajortypesofdrainagepatterns（排水系统）.7.Itrustyou’vealreadyreadthechaptersoyou’llrecallthatadrainagepatternisthearrangementofchannelsthatcarrywaterinanarea.Andthesepatternscanbeverydistinctivesincethey’redeterminedbytheclimate,thetopography（地形学,地形测量学）,andthecompositionoftherockthatunderliestheformations.So,consequently,wecanseethatadrainagepatternisreallyagoodvisualsummaryofthecharacteristicsofaparticularregion,bothgeologicallyandclimactically.Inotherwords,whenwelookatdrainagepatterns,wecandrawconclusionsaboutthestructuralformationandreliefofthelandaswellastheclimate.

Nowalldrainagesystemsarecomposedofaninterconnectednetworkofstreams,and,whenweviewthemtogether,theyformdistinctivepatterns.Althoughthereareatleastsevenidentifiablekindsofdrainagepatterns,forourpurposes,we’regoingtolimitourstudytothefourmajortypes.Probablythemostfamiliarpatternisthedendritic（树枝状的）drainagepattern.

8.Thisisastreamthatlookslikethebranchesofatree.Here’sanexampleofadendriticpattern.Asyoucansee,it’ssimilartomanysystemsinnature.Inadditiontothestructureofatree,italsoresemblesthehumancirculationsystem.Thisisaveryefficientdrainagesystembecausetheoveralllengthofanyonebranchisfairlyshort,andtherearemanybranches,sothatallowsthewatertoflowquicklyandefficientlyfromthesourceorsources.

$Okay,let’slookatthenextexample.

$Thisdrainagepatternisreferredtoasaradial（辐射状的）pattern.Noticehowthestreamsflowfromacentralpoint.Thisisusuallyahighmountain,oravolcano.9.Itkindoflookslikethespokes（辐条；）thatradiateoutfromthehub（中心）ofawheel.Whenweseearadialpattern,weknowthattheareahasexperiencedupliftandthatthedirectionofthedrainageisdowntheslopesofarelativelyisolatedcentralpoint.

$Goingbacktothedendriticforamoment.Thepatternisdeterminedbythedirectionoftheslopeoftheland,butit,uh,thestreamsflowinmoreorlessthesamedirection,and...soit’sunliketheradialthathadmultipledirectionsofflowfromthehighestpoint.

$Nowthispatternisverydifferentfromeitherthedendriticortheradial.

$Thisiscalledarectangular（长方形的;矩形的）pattern,andIthinkyoucanseewhy.Justlookatallofthoseright-angle（直角）turns.Therectanglepatternistypicalofalandscapethat’sbeenformedbyfracturedjointsandfaults.Andbecausethisbrokenrockiserodedmoreeasilythanunbrokenrock,streambedsarecarvedalongthejointedbedrock.

10Finallywehavethetrellis（格架）pattern.Andhereinthisexample,youcanseequiteclearlyhowthetributaries（支流的）ofanalmostparallelstructuredrainintovalleysand...andformtheappearanceofagardentrellis.Thispatternformsinareaswheretherearealternatingbandsofvariableresistance,andbythatImeanthatthebandsofrockthatareverystrongandresistanttoerosionalternatewithbandsofrockthatareweakandeasilyeroded.Thisoftenhappenswhenahorizontal（水平的）,plainfoldsandoutcroppings（出露地表）appear.

$So,asIsaid,asawhole,thesepatternsaredictatedbythestructureandreliefoftheland.

$Thekindsofrocksonwhichthestreamsaredeveloped,thestructuralpatternofthefolds（褶层）,uh,faults,and...upliftwillusuallydetermineadrainagesystem.However,Ishouldalsomentionthatdrainagepatternscanoccasionallyappeartobe,well,outofsyncwiththelandscape.Andthiscanhappenwhenastreamflowsoverolderstructuresthathavebeenuncoveredbyerosionor...orwhenastreamkeepsitsoriginaldrainagesystemwhenrocksareuplifted.Sowhenthathappens,thepatternappearstobecontrarytotheexpectedcourseofthestream.11.ButI’minterestedinyourunderstandingthebasicdrainagesystems.SoIdon’tplantotrickyouwithtestquestionsaboutexceptionalpatterns,butIexpectyoutoknowthatexceptionstothepatternscanoccurwhengeologicaleventsinfluencethem.

Passage3

Professor:

$Drawingisaverybasicartform.It’sappealingbecauseitcanbeusedtomakeaveryquickrecordoftheideasthatanartistmaybeenvisioning（imaginative）,so,adrawingcanserveasavisualaidfortheartisttorememberacertainmomentofinspirationandmaybeuseitforamoredetailedworklateron.Okay,usuallysuchsketchesallowtheartisttovisualizetheproportionsandtheshapeswithoutmuchattentiontodetailssotheseimagescanbeusedbypainters,architects,sculptors—anyartistreally.Andlargerenderings,sketchesofpartsofthewhole...thesecanbehelpfulinthecreativeprocesswhena...ahugeimagemightbemoredifficulttoconceiveofinitsentirety.Or,asketchofjustonefaceinacrowdcanallowtheartistto...focusoncreatingjustthatpartoftheimage.So,inmanyartists’studios,countlessdrawingsarestrewnaboutasthefinalpaintingorsculpturetakesform.Andthisgivesusinsightintothecreativeprocess,aswelltheopportunitytoseechangesfromtheimagesatthebeginningintheimagesofthefinishedwork.It’srare,infact,foranartisttousepermanentmaterialstobeginapieceofart.Andsomepainters,forexample,evensketchontothesurfaceofthecanvasbeforeapplyingthepigments.13.14.Now,architectsareespeciallyproneto（belikelyto）sketchesbecause,ofcourse,theirbuildingsaresolargethatanimageinsmallerscaleisnecessarytotheimaginationandimplementationofsuchprojects.So,uh,thesestudiesbecomethebasisforfutureworks.Andagain,thisisveryinterestingasarecordofthecreativeprocess.Okaysofar?

14

12.Okay,drawinghasseveralotherfunctionsbesidesasatemporaryreference.Forcenturies,artistshaveuseddrawingasatraditionalmethodofeducation.Bycopyingthegreatworks,especiallyoftheOldMasters,aspiringartistscouldlearnalotaboutproportion,howtocapturelightandshadowand...andsoforth.Infact,someartistswholaterachieverecognition,stillcontinuetousethispracticetohonetheirskillsor...orsimplytopayhomagetoanotherartist,asisoftenthecasewhenaworkofartoriginallycreatedinanothermediumlikeasculpture...whenit’srecreatedintheformofadrawing.ManyexamplesofdrawingsofMichelangelo’ssculptureswerere-createdbywell-knownartists.OnethatcomestomindistheStudyofMichelangelo’sBoundSlavebyEdgarDegas.TheoriginalbyMichelangelowasamarblesculpturethatwas,oh,aboutsevenfeetinheight,butthesmalldrawingwasmadeinasketchpad.Inanycase,thestudyisalsoconsideredamasterpiece,onasmallscale,ofcourse.

12.So...whatadditionalpurposesmightbeservedbythemediumofdrawing?

Well,let’srememberthatphotographyisarelativelynewartform,sopriortotheuseofphotographstorecordhistoricalevents,aquickdrawingbyanartistwasabouttheonlywaytopreserveareal-timevisualaccountofanimportantmoment.Althoughamorepermanentvisualimpressionmightberenderedlater,itwouldbebasedonmemoryandnotontheartist’sact