立体车库外文翻译原文.docx

立体车库外文翻译原文.docx

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立体车库外文翻译原文

AUTOMATEDPARKING:

STATUSINTHEUNITEDSTATES

ADVANTAGESANDCRITERIA

RICHARDS.BEEBE,DIRECTOR

PARKINGANDTRANSPORTATIONPLANNING

CONSULTINGENGINEERSGROUP,INC.

55E.EUCLIDAVE.,MT.PROSPECT,IL60056

USA

PRESENTED

AT

WORLDPARKINGSYMPOSIUMIII

ST.ANDREWS,SCOTLAND:

JUNE25,2001

AUTOMATEDPARKING–THEENVIRONMENTAL

SOLUTIONTOTHEURBANPARKINGSHORTAGE

ADVANTAGESANDCRITERIA

GUIDELINESTOAUTOMATEDGARAGEDEVELOPMENT

♦Thecurrentstate-of-the-artautomatedparkingsystems•Types

•Capacities

•OperatingSystems

•SiteAreaCriteria

♦Financial/OperatingAdvantages

•LandAreaandSavings

•Operation’sSavings

•CostFeaturesofVehicle/PatronSecurity

•TimeandMotion

♦EnvironmentalAdvantages

•ReducedMilesofInteriorTravel

•ReducedEmissionsProduction

•ReducedNoiseGeneration

•ReducedConstructionProductsandImpactsofConstructionActivity

♦SystemApplications

•Location–FreestandingorInsideBuildings

•CapacityandStructureDesign

•UserPopulationsandSpecificNeeds

•TrafficandExteriorConditions

♦TypicalInstallations

•AboveGround

•BelowGround

•SiteandOperatingStatistics

♦MovementTowardSystemRecognition/CriteriaforDevelopment

•ParkingInterests

•PotentialUserInterests

•InternationalMediaAttention

•ProductPromotion

HISTORYOFMECHANICALPARKINGINTHEU.S.ANDITSSTATUSIN2001

INTRODUCTION

MechanicalparkingsystemswerefirstintroducedintheU.S.usingfreightelevatorsaboutthetimeofWorldWarI.Duringthe1920’sand1930’saseriesofotherpatentsweregrantedbutitwasnotuntilthelate1940’sthattheBowser,PigeonHoleandRotoParksystemsbecameoperationalandinstalledinnumerouslocations.Someoftheseearlysystemswereverticalelevatorliftmodulesthatplacedcarsonupperlevelsofastructuretobemovedbyattendantandothersmechanicaldevicesthatcouldmovevehiclesinto“slots”inaframeworkbuiltaroundacentralcorridor.Capacitiesrangedtypicallyfromlessthan100spacestomorethan600.Allofthese“earlydays”systemssharedcommoncharacteristic—theuseofasiteareamuchsmallerthantheareaneededforaconventionalgarage.Duringthenexttwenty-fiveyearsmanyofthesesystemsoperatedforuptotwentyyearsorso—afewremaininoperationtoday.Problemsrelatedtothetimelydeliveryofpatronvehiclesduelargelytoinoperativeelevatorandmechanicalsystemscausedmanyunitstobedismantled.Forthenexttwenty-yearstherewassomediscussionof“advanced”mechanicalgaragesystemsappearinginEuropeandAsia,butnomajorprojectswhichwereplannedonwereconstructedintheU.S.

Duringthepastdecadetheconstantdemandforparking,especiallyinlargeurbancenters,createdanewU.S.interestinthesehightechnologyforeignsystems—automated,computer-basedsystemsthataddedspeed,reliabilityandsafetytothebasicgaragetypesinventedfiftyyearsearlier.EuropeanandAsianmanufacturershavebeguntomarkettheirsystemsandestablishofficesintheU.S.SeveralU.S.firmsalsohaveenteredthemarketplaceandcreatedgreaterlocalinterestinAutomatedParking.SystemmanufacturersormarketersnowincludesuchnamesasTREVI,Klaus,Krups,Wohr,Robotic,APS,HKSystems,Stokes,AutoSpace,SkyParkingAmericaandothers.Some100oftheseprojectsarenowintheplanningstage.

SYSTEMADVANTAGES

Thereareobviousadvantagesforautomatedparkingfacilitiesinalmostanyurbanlocation.Significantreductioninlandarearequirementsmeansconservationoflandresourcesandsmallerbuildingbulkcubesandcosts.Automatedgarageoperationresultsinfarlowervehiclemilesoftravel,emissionvolumesandutilityservices.Reducedpersonnelandmaintenancecostshelptooffsetanyhigherper-spacecostofautomatedsystems.TheseadvantageshavecreatedalargescalemarketpotentialintheU.S.whichneedstobesatisfiedasquicklyaspossible.

Thefollowingbasicelementsofautomatedstructureconstructionpointoutsomeoftheseadvantages:

A.Developmental

1）Animportantconsiderationofautomated/mechanicalparkinghasalwaysbeenprojectcost.Forcomparisonpurposescostsmustreflecttotalcost,includingland.Thehighercostofconstructionofanautomatedsystemcanusuallybeoffsetbythevalueofthesmallerlandarearequiredforautomatedconstruction.Forexample,asitearearoughly100feetx120feet（12,000squarefeet）couldsupporta400spaceautomatedgarage.Aconventionalrampgaragewouldrequireasiteareaatleast120′x280′（or33,600squarefeet）.Thecostofland,at$100persquarefoot,wouldequal$1,200,000fortheautomatedsiteversus$3,600,000fortheconventionalgarage.Thisdifferentialtranslatesintoaperspaceallowanceof$5,500fortheautomatedfacility.Thisisusuallytheprimaryfactorinestablishingtheneedfor,andinterestin,anautomatedgarage.Indenselydevelopedurbanareastheavailabilityoflargesitesforgarageconstructionhasbecomethenumberoneproblem.

2）Inadditiontothelandarea/costfactorthereareotherimportantreasonstoconsideranautomatedstructure.Theseincludetheprovisionofunusuallevelsofpatronandvehiclesecurity:

（Thisitemisparticularlyappealingtoownersofexpensivevehicleswishingtoprotecttheirinvestment）.Dependinguponlocation,securityissueswherepatronsdonotmoveinsideagaragecanbeaveryimportantconsiderationtobothownersandusers.Negativenoiseandvisualimpactsofconventionalgaragesarealsoeliminated.

3）Automatedstructurescanbebuiltintolargerbuildings,eitherabovegroundorbelowground,insignificantlylessfloorareaandwithinastructuralframeworkcompatiblewiththatoftheprimaryuse.Sincethereisnoneedforopenareasalongperimeterwallstoachieveventilationrequirementstheparkingfacilitycanbeenclosedbyanarchitecturalfaçadeonthoseexposuresvisibletothepublic,eliminatingthenegativevisualcharacteristicsofastandardgaragebuilding.

4）Thesenewsystemsofferanothergreatbenefittoownersandoperators.Becauseofcomputerizedcontrolandreportelementscompletegaragediagnosticreviewandwarningisalwayson-line.Anypotentialproblemisreportedatoncetoacentralcontrolstationwhereattentioncanbedirectedatoncetotheproblem.

B.Financial

1）Theprimaryfinancialbenefitofautomatedparkingisusuallythereductioninlandcost.Onthetheorythatanautomatedstructureusesaboutone-halfthelandarea,thecostsavingsinlandcanrangefrom100percentto400or500percentdependinguponthevalueofadjacentproperty.

2）Owneroroperatorsavingsmaywellbesignificantsincemanyofthesefacilitiescanoperatewithoutanystafforwithasingleattendant.

3）Securityaspectsofthefacilitytendtolowerinsurancecostsandmaintenance,exceptfortheautomatedsystemcomponents,isalsoreduced.

4）Insomelocationstheremaybeanaddedfinancialincentive.Thisistheclassificationoftheautomatedsystemasmachineryandnotasstructurewhichcanmateriallyreducepropertytaxburdens.

C.Environmental

1）ThereisakeenawarenessdevelopingintheU.S.ofenvironmentalhazardcreatedbyvehicleoperationincongestedareas.Vehicle-generatedsolutioncanbesignificantlyreducedbyreducingmilesoftravelinthegarage.Inatypical600spaceconventionalgaragewithtwicedailyturnoverupto300milestotravelareeliminatedeveryday.

2）Reductioninmilesoftravelequalsreductioninemissionssuchascarbonmonoxideandnitratesandoxidesofnitrogenwhichareconsideredmajorproblemsinmosturbanplaces.

3）Lessdisruptivebutequallyimportantenvironmentalissues,especiallyinanydenselydevelopedarea,includelightandnoisecreatedbyvehiclesmovinginto,throughandoutofaconventionalgarage.Theseelementsarealmosttotallyremovedbyuseofanautomatedstructure.

4）Anotherelementhereisthereductionintheamountofconstructionactivityanddisruptionduetothereductioninsiteareaandconstructionvolume.

CURRENTCONDITIONSINTHEU.S.

AnAutomatedParkingGaragewasstartedintheCityofHoboken,NewJerseyinJanuaryof1999.This320spaceprojectwasregardedasthefirstinalongseriesofnewautomatedgaragestobebuiltacrossthecountry.Atleast40to50garageswere“onthelist”forconstructionandHobokenwasconsideredthebeginningofanewerainparking—catchinguptothetechnologyinuseinEuropeandAsia.MorethanadozenU.S.andforeignmanufacturershavebeenreadytoselltheirproductsandconstructfacilities.

AseriesofdelaysandprojectcompletionproblemshavestoppedworkontheHobokengarageforthepastyear.Atthistimeitappearsthatthisgaragewillnotbecompleteduntilspringof2002.Thecomplexseriesofdelaysandproblemshasgeneratedconsiderableadversepublicityandapprehensiononthepartofmanypossibleclients.Nevertheless,thereisstillgreatinterestintheseautomatedgaragesthroughouttheU.S.TheadvantagesofautomatedparkingwillovercometheproblemsnowoccurringintheHobokengarage.

TheexperiencegainedinEuropeandAsiabymajorsystemmanufacturerswillbetheimportantfactorinstartingnewprojectsintheU.S.thisyearandnext.WewelcometheentrancetoourmarkoftheEuropeanandAsianmanufacturers.

Theinternationalautomatedparkingindustry,althoughsmallinnumberandwithoutdemonstrableU.S.projects,needstoovercomethecurrentconditionsandforgeanewunderstandingoftheadvantagesofautomatedsystemsandthebroadadvantagesandpracticalitiesoftheiruse.Theobjectivetodayistooutlineapplicationoptionsandtoestablishbasicprojectcriteriabyw