立体车库外文翻译原文.docx

1、立体车库外文翻译原文 AUTOMATED PARKING: STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES ADVANTAGES AND CRITERIA RICHARD S. BEEBE, DIRECTOR PARKING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONSULTING ENGINEERS GROUP, INC. 55 E. EUCLID AVE., MT. PROSPECT, IL 60056 USA PRESENTED AT WORLD PARKING SYMPOSIUM III ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND: JUNE 25, 200

2、1AUTOMATED PARKING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTION TO THE URBAN PARKING SHORTAGE ADVANTAGES AND CRITERIA GUIDELINES TO AUTOMATED GARAGE DEVELOPMENT The current state-of-the-art automated parking systems Types Capacities Operating Systems Site Area Criteria Financial/Operating Advantages Land Area and Sav

3、ings Operations Savings Cost Features of Vehicle/Patron Security Time and Motion Environmental Advantages Reduced Miles of Interior Travel Reduced Emissions Production Reduced Noise Generation Reduced Construction Products and Impacts of Construction Activity System Applications Location Freestandin

4、g or Inside Buildings Capacity and Structure Design User Populations and Specific Needs Traffic and Exterior Conditions Typical Installations Above Ground Below Ground Site and Operating Statistics Movement Toward System Recognition/Criteria for Development Parking Interests Potential User Interests

5、 International Media Attention Product PromotionHISTORY OF MECHANICAL PARKING IN THE U.S. AND ITS STATUS IN 2001 INTRODUCTION Mechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U.S. using freight elevators about the time of World War I. During the 1920s and 1930s a series of other patents were

6、granted but it was not until the late 1940s that the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and Roto Park systems became operational and installed in numerous locations. Some of these early systems were vertical elevator lift modules that placed cars on upper levels of a structure to be moved by attendant and others m

7、echanical devices that could move vehicles into “slots” in a framework built around a central corridor. Capacities ranged typically from less than 100 spaces to more than 600. All of these “early days” systems shared common characteristicthe use of a site area much smaller than the area needed for a

8、 conventional garage. During the next twenty-five years many of these systems operated for up to twenty years or soa few remain in operation today. Problems related to the timely delivery of patron vehicles due largely to inoperative elevator and mechanical systems caused many units to be dismantled

9、. For the next twenty-years there was some discussion of “advanced” mechanical garage systems appearing in Europe and Asia, but no major projects which were planned on were constructed in the U.S. During the past decade the constant demand for parking, especially in large urban centers, created a ne

10、w U.S. interest in these high technology foreign systemsautomated, computer-based systems that added speed, reliability and safety to the basic garage types invented fifty years earlier. European and Asian manufacturers have begun to market their systems and establish offices in the U.S. Several U.S

11、. firms also have entered the marketplace and created greater local interest in Automated Parking. System manufacturers or marketers now include such names as TREVI, Klaus, Krups, Wohr, Robotic, APS, HK Systems, Stokes, Auto Space, Sky Parking America and others. Some 100 of these projects are now i

12、n the planning stage. SYSTEM ADVANTAGES There are obvious advantages for automated parking facilities in almost any urban location. Significant reduction in land area requirements means conservation of land resources and smaller building bulk cubes and costs. Automated garage operation results in fa

13、r lower vehicle miles of travel, emission volumes and utility services. Reduced personnel and maintenance costs help to offset any higher per-space cost of automated systems. These advantages have created a large scale market potential in the U.S. which needs to be satisfied as quickly as possible.

14、The following basic elements of automated structure construction point out some of these advantages: A. Developmental 1) An important consideration of automated/mechanical parking has always been project cost. For comparison purposes costs must reflect total cost, including land. The higher cost of

15、construction of an automated system can usually be offset by the value of the smaller land area required for automated construction. For example, a site area roughly 100 feet x 120 feet (12,000 square feet) could support a 400 space automated garage. A conventional ramp garage would require a site a

16、rea at least 120 x 280 (or 33,600 square feet). The cost of land, at $100 per square foot, would equal $1,200,000 for the automated site versus $3,600,000 for the conventional garage. This differential translates into a per space allowance of $5,500 for the automated facility. This is usually the pr

17、imary factor in establishing the need for, and interest in, an automated garage. In densely developed urban areas the availability of large sites for garage construction has become the number one problem. 2) In addition to the land area/cost factor there are other important reasons to consider an au

18、tomated structure. These include the provision of unusual levels of patron and vehicle security: (This item is particularly appealing to owners of expensive vehicles wishing to protect their investment). Depending upon location, security issues where patrons do not move inside a garage can be a very

19、 important consideration to both owners and users. Negative noise and visual impacts of conventional garages are also eliminated. 3) Automated structures can be built into larger buildings, either above ground or below ground, in significantly less floor area and within a structural framework compat

20、ible with that of the primary use. Since there is no need for open areas along perimeter walls to achieve ventilation requirements the parking facility can be enclosed by an architectural faade on those exposures visible to the public, eliminating the negative visual characteristics of a standard ga

21、rage building. 4) These new systems offer another great benefit to owners and operators. Because of computerized control and report elements complete garage diagnostic review and warning is always on-line. Any potential problem is reported at once to a central control station where attention can be

22、directed at once to the problem. B. Financial 1) The primary financial benefit of automated parking is usually the reduction in land cost. On the theory that an automated structure uses about one-half the land area, the cost savings in land can range from 100 percent to 400 or 500 percent depending

23、upon the value of adjacent property. 2) Owner or operator savings may well be significant since many of these facilities can operate without any staff or with a single attendant. 3) Security aspects of the facility tend to lower insurance costs and maintenance, except for the automated system compon

24、ents, is also reduced. 4) In some locations there may be an added financial incentive. This is the classification of the automated system as machinery and not as structure which can materially reduce property tax burdens. C. Environmental 1) There is a keen awareness developing in the U.S. of enviro

25、nmental hazard created by vehicle operation in congested areas. Vehicle-generated solution can be significantly reduced by reducing miles of travel in the garage. In a typical 600 space conventional garage with twice daily turnover up to 300 miles to travel are eliminated every day. 2) Reduction in

26、miles of travel equals reduction in emissions such as carbon monoxide and nitrates and oxides of nitrogen which are considered major problems in most urban places. 3) Less disruptive but equally important environmental issues, especially in any densely developed area, include light and noise created

27、 by vehicles moving into, through and out of a conventional garage. These elements are almost totally removed by use of an automated structure. 4) Another element here is the reduction in the amount of construction activity and disruption due to the reduction in site area and construction volume. CU

28、RRENT CONDITIONS IN THE U.S. An Automated Parking Garage was started in the City of Hoboken, New Jersey in January of 1999. This 320 space project was regarded as the first in a long series of new automated garages to be built across the country. At least 40 to 50 garages were “on the list” for cons

29、truction and Hoboken was considered the beginning of a new era in parkingcatching up to the technology in use in Europe and Asia. More than a dozen U.S. and foreign manufacturers have been ready to sell their products and construct facilities. A series of delays and project completion problems have

30、stopped work on the Hoboken garage for the past year. At this time it appears that this garage will not be completed until spring of 2002. The complex series of delays and problems has generated considerable adverse publicity and apprehension on the part of many possible clients. Nevertheless, there

31、 is still great interest in these automated garages throughout the U.S. The advantages of automated parking will overcome the problems now occurring in the Hoboken garage.The experience gained in Europe and Asia by major system manufacturers will be the important factor in starting new projects in t

32、he U.S. this year and next. We welcome the entrance to our mark of the European and Asian manufacturers. The international automated parking industry, although small in number and without demonstrable U.S. projects, needs to overcome the current conditions and forge a new understanding of the advantages of automated systems and the broad advantages and practicalities of their use. The objective today is to outline application options and to establish basic project criteria by w