高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意.docx
《高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意.docx(31页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意
【2018考纲解读】
1.推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。
要求考生在理解表面文字信息的基础上,尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实,在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意,做出正确的推理和判断,从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。
推理的原则是据文推理,合情推理,不可妄加推理,过度推理。
2.主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目,因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力,也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求,文章中没有明显的解题依据,需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括,才能归纳出文章的主旨。
此类题目可分为三大类,即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。
题型一、主旨大意
【题型特点】
一、主旨大意题常见的命题方式
1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?
2.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?
3.What'sthemainideaofthetext?
4.Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat___________________.
二、主旨大意题正确选项的特征
1.涵盖性强,覆盖全文。
2.确定的范围恰当,既不太大,也不太小。
3.精确性强,不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
【方法技巧】
叮嘱考生:
永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。
因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题,所以在解答此类题目时,考生不要急于去找答案,不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。
在做完另外几道题目后,无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。
第一步确定文章的主题词
通过文章阅读和其他题目的解答,确定文章的主题词。
文章通常围绕主题词展开,主旨题的正确答案当然要包括文章主题词或主题词的同义改写词。
第二步确定文章的主题句
主题句常处的四种位置:
1.首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。
2.文章中间或段落中间给出中心。
3.文章末段或段落末句对全文进行总结归纳。
4.文章或段落中不明确给出中心,考生要根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结,自己推出主旨。
主题句通常具有下面一些特征:
1.举例子的句子不是主题句,前后句可能是主题句。
2.问句不是主题句,回答句可能是主题句。
3.首段转折处常为文章的主题句。
4.主题句常包含文章的主题词。
5.主题句常包含主次之分的表达(AratherthanB等)。
6.主题句常包含时间提示词(recently,today等)。
7.定义型的句子(becalledas,beknownas,is,are等)。
8.强调型的句子(stress,focus等)。
9.总结型的句子(researchindicates,studysuggests等)。
第三步总结文章的主旨
根据文章的主题词和主题句,概括文章主旨,并与选项进行比对确定正确答案。
如果文章全文都没有明确的主题句,那么主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。
这时考生要着重阅读各段的首尾句进行总结归纳。
例1、(2017·全国Ⅲ,D)
TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.
Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell-beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.
LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.xk+w
Theseincludecustom-madenavigation(导航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:
“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”
“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”
DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:
“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.
”Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We'relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.
“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”
文章大意:
本文是一篇科普说明文,介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室,研究老年人开车存在的问题和难点,帮助老年人安全驾驶。
1.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB?
A.Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.
B.Todesignnewtypesofcars.
C.Tofindoutolderdriver'sproblems.
D.Toteachpeopletrafficrules.
解析:
考查推理判断。
根据第一段最后一句中的“inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare”可知,建立实验室的目的是要找出老年人开车有困难的地方,故选C。
2.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe?
A.Itkeepsthemindependent.
B.Ithelpsthemsavetime.
C.Itbuildsuptheirstrength.
D.Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.
3.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers?
A.Improvetheirdrivingskills.
B.Developdriver-assisttechnologies.
C.Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.
D.Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.
4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.AnewModelElectricCar
B.ASolutiontoTrafficProblems
C.DrivingServicesforElders
D.KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad
解析:
考查标题判断。
本文的关键词是老年人驾车,重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。
故选D。
【变式探究】(2017·天津,A)
Supposeyou'reinarush,feelingtired,notpayingattentiontoyourscreen,andyousendanemailthatcouldgetyouintrouble.
Realisationwillprobablysetinsecondsafteryou'veclicked“send”.Youfreezeinhorrorandburnwithshame.
Whattodo?
Herearefourcommonemailaccidents,andhowtorecover.
Clicking“send”toosoon
Don'twasteyourtimetryingtofindoutifthereceiverhasreadityet.Writeanotheremailasswiftlyasyoucanandsenditwithabrieftitleexplainingthatthisisthecorrectversionandthepreviousversionshouldbeignored.
Writingthewrongname
Thesooneryounotice,thebetter.Respondquicklyandbriefly,apologisingforyourmistake.Keepthetonemeasured:
don'thandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffended,especiallyifyourerrorsuggestsamisunderstandingoftheirculture(i.e.incorrectorderingofChinesenames).
Clicking“replyall”unintentionally
Youaccidentallyreveal(透露)totheentirecompanywhatmenuchoicesyouwouldpreferatthestaffChristmasdinner,orwhatholidayyou'dliketotake.Inthisinstance,thebestsolutionistosendaquick,light-heartedapologytoexplainyourawkwardness.Butitcanquicklyrisetosomethingworse,wheneveryonestartshitting“replyall”tojoininalongandunpleasantconversation.Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalmdown.
Sendinganoffensivemessagetoitssubject
Themostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.Youwriteanunkindmessageaboutsomeone,intendingtosendittoafriend,butaccidentallysendittothepersonyou'rediscussing.Inthatcase,asktospeakinpersonassoonaspossibleandsaysorry.Explainyourfrustrationscalmlyandsensibly—seeitasanopportunitytoclearupanydifficultiesyoumayhavewiththisperson.
文章大意:
这是一篇应用文。
匆忙之中或心不在焉时发送电子邮件出现错误怎么办?
比如,邮件还没写好就发送了,把收件人的名字拼写错了,个人邮件被你误发给了所有人,或者把埋怨的邮件误发给了被你吐槽的那个人。
本文告诉我们出现这些情况时我们该如何补救。
5.Afterrealisinganemailaccident,youarelikelytofeel________.
A.curiousB.tired
C.awfulD.funny
解析:
考查细节理解。
根据题干中的“pologizianemailaccident”可把答案定位在第二段。
该段说,在你点击“发送”数秒钟之后你就会意识到自己的错误,结合下文的“freezeinhorrorandburnwithshame”可知,人们意识到“邮件事故”后,可能会感觉糟糕,因此选C。
6.Ifyouhavewrittenthewrongnameinanemail,itisbestto________.
A.apologiseinaseriousmanner
B.tellthereceivertoignoretheerror
C.learntowritethenamecorrectly
D.sendashortnoticetoeveryone
7.Whatshouldyoudowhenanunpleasantconversationisstartedbyyour“replyall”email?
A.Tryofferingotherchoices.
B.Avoidfurtherinvolvement.
C.Meetotherstaffmembers.
D.Makealight-heartedapology.
8.Howshouldyoudealwiththeproblemcausedbyanoffensiveemail?
A.Bypromisingnottooffendthereceiveragain.
B.Byseekingsupportfromthereceiver'sfriends.
C.Byas’ingthereceivertocontrolhisanger.
D.Bytalkingtothereceiverfacetoface.
解析:
考查细节理解。
根据题干中的“offensiveemail”可把答案定位在最后一段。
这部分提到,在出现冒犯对方的情况时,要尽快亲自向对方道歉。
故选D。
9.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A.Definingemailerrors.
B.Reducingemailmistakes.
C.Handlingemailaccidents.
D.Improvingemailwriting.
解析:
考查主旨要义。
通读全文,尤其是第三段的内容可知,本文主要介绍的是发送电子邮件出现问题时人们该如何面对和补救,因此C项最能概括本文的主题。
【变式探究】(2017·浙江,A)
BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamel'shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.
Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged(蓬乱).Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.
__The_cat's_lot_was_about_to_improve.__Thatyear,oneofBenjamin'scousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin'sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings(版画)byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.
In1747,whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold,Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin'sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.
Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape(风景)painting.WilliamWilliams,awell-knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine-year-oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.
文章大意:
本文是一篇记叙文。
文章讲述了美国著名艺术家本杰明·韦斯特是如何开始他的艺术生涯的。
1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.Benjamin'svisittoPhiladelphia.
B.Williams'influenceonBenjamin.
C.ThebeginningofBenjamin'slifeasanartist.
D.ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.
解析:
主旨大意题。
文章从本杰明在六岁时自制画笔作画写起,到后来利用专业工具作画,再到知名画家送给本杰明书籍,都是在讲述本杰明是如何一步步走上艺术之路的。
故选C。
2.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3suggest?
A.Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.
B.Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.
C.Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.