高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意.docx

1、高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破阅读理解之推理判断与主旨大意【2018考纲解读】1.推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。要求考生在理解表面文字信息的基础上，尽量考虑文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，做出正确的推理和判断，从而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理的原则是据文推理，合情推理，不可妄加推理，过度推理。2.主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求，文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即

2、标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。题型一、主旨大意【题型特点】一、主旨大意题常见的命题方式1What is the best title for this passage?2Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?3Whats the main idea of the text?4The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that_.二、主旨大意题正确选项的特征 1涵盖性强，覆盖全文。2确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程

3、度及色彩。【方法技巧】叮嘱考生：永远把主旨大意题放在最后做。因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题目时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题目后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整篇文章的理解。第一步 确定文章的主题词 通过文章阅读和其他题目的解答，确定文章的主题词。文章通常围绕主题词展开，主旨题的正确答案当然要包括文章主题词或主题词的同义改写词。第二步 确定文章的主题句 主题句常处的四种位置：1首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。2文章中间或段落中间给出中心。3文章末段或段落末句对全文进行总结归纳。4文章或段落中不明确给出中心，考生要

4、根据各段中心或各句的内容进行总结， 自己推出主旨。主题句通常具有下面一些特征：1举例子的句子不是主题句，前后句可能是主题句。2问句不是主题句，回答句可能是主题句。3首段转折处常为文章的主题句。4主题句常包含文章的主题词。5主题句常包含主次之分的表达(A rather than B等)。6主题句常包含时间提示词(recently，today等)。7定义型的句子(be called as，be known as，is, are等)。8强调型的句子(stress, focus等)。9总结型的句子(research indicates，study suggests等)。第三步 总结文章的主旨 根据文章

5、的主题词和主题句，概括文章主旨，并与选项进行比对确定正确答案。如果文章全文都没有明确的主题句，那么主题思想要通过各段的主要内容进行归纳。这时考生要着重阅读各段的首尾句进行总结归纳。例1、(2017全国，D) The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to dis

6、cover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies

7、for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.xk+wThese include custommade navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is

8、 important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing con

9、fidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use techno

10、logy to address these problems.”For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. Were look

11、ing at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”文章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室，研究老年人开车存在的问题和难点，帮助老年人安全驾驶。1.What is the purpose of the D

12、riveLAB？ ATo explore new means of transport.BTo design new types of cars.CTo find out older drivers problems.DTo teach people traffic rules.解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段最后一句中的“in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are”可知，建立实验室的目的是要找出老年人开车有困难的地方，故选

13、C。 2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe？ AIt keeps them independent.BIt helps them save time.CIt builds up their strength.DIt cures their mental illnesses. 3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers？ AImprove their driving skills.BDevelop driverassist technolo

14、gies.CProvide tips on repairing their cars.DOrganize regular physical checkups. 4.What is the best title for the text？ AA new Model Electric CarBA Solution to Traffic ProblemsCDriving Services for EldersDKeeping Older Drivers on the Road解析：考查标题判断。本文的关键词是老年人驾车，重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。故选D。【变式探究】(2017天津，A

15、)Suppose youre in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.Realisation will probably set in seconds after youve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame.What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to

16、 recover.Clicking “send” too soonDont waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.Writing the wrong nameThe sooner y

17、ou notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: dont handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names)Clicking “reply all” uninte

18、ntionallyYou accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday youd like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, lighthearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to somethin

19、g worse, when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.Sending an offensive message to its subjectThe most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind

20、message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person youre discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and sensiblysee it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have wi

21、th this person.文章大意：这是一篇应用文。匆忙之中或心不在焉时发送电子邮件出现错误怎么办？比如，邮件还没写好就发送了，把收件人的名字拼写错了，个人邮件被你误发给了所有人，或者把埋怨的邮件误发给了被你吐槽的那个人。本文告诉我们出现这些情况时我们该如何补救。5.After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel_ _.Acurious B.tired C.awful D.funny 解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“pologizi an email accident”可把答案定位在第二段。该段说，在你点击“发送”数秒钟

22、之后你就会意识到自己的错误，结合下文的“freeze in horror and burn with shame”可知，人们意识到“邮件事故”后，可能会感觉糟糕，因此选C。6.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to _ _.Aapologise in a serious mannerBtell the receiver to ignore the errorClearn to write the name correctlyDsend a short notice to everyone 7.What shou

23、ld you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email？ ATry offering other choices.BAvoid further involvement.CMeet other staff members.DMake a lighthearted apology. 8.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email？ ABy promising not to offend the receiver

24、 again.BBy seeking support from the receivers friends.CBy asing the receiver to control his anger.DBy talking to the receiver face to face.解析：考查细节理解。根据题干中的“offensive email”可把答案定位在最后一段。这部分提到，在出现冒犯对方的情况时，要尽快亲自向对方道歉。故选D。9.What is the passage mainly about？ ADefining email errors.BReducing email mistakes

25、.CHandling email accidents.DImproving email writing.解析：考查主旨要义。通读全文，尤其是第三段的内容可知，本文主要介绍的是发送电子邮件出现问题时人们该如何面对和补救，因此C项最能概括本文的主题。【变式探究】(2017浙江，A)Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor t

26、old him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camels hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look

27、ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing._The_cats_lot_was_about_to_improve._ That year, one of Benjamins cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamins drawings. When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of p

28、aint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版画)by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen. In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr. Pennington returned for another visit .He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He ask

29、ed Benjamins parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit. In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape (风景) painting. William Williams, a wellknown painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin a

30、nd gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under my pillow at night.” While it is likely that he understood very little of the

31、books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nineyearold boy decided then that he would be an artist.文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国著名艺术家本杰明韦斯特是如何开始他的艺术生涯的。1.What is the text mainly about？ ABenjamins visit to Philadelphia.BWilliams influence on Benjamin.CThe beginning of Benjamins life as an

32、artist.DThe friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.解析：主旨大意题。文章从本杰明在六岁时自制画笔作画写起，到后来利用专业工具作画，再到知名画家送给本杰明书籍，都是在讲述本杰明是如何一步步走上艺术之路的。故选C。2.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest？ AThe cat would be closely watched.BThe cat would get some medical care.CBenjamin would leave his home shortly.