专八人文知识汇总自我总结版.docx
《专八人文知识汇总自我总结版.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《专八人文知识汇总自我总结版.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![专八人文知识汇总自我总结版.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2022-11/24/4f724ebd-8550-46b4-bf91-5648d5031d13/4f724ebd-8550-46b4-bf91-5648d5031d131.gif)
专八人文知识汇总自我总结版
第一章英语国家概括
第一节英国概括
I地理
有四个部分组成greatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)andnorthernIreland
n地理特征最短的海峡straitofDover多佛海峡
1Englandthepennies英格兰最主要的山脉
2Scotlandthreenaturalzone:
thehighlandscentrallowlandsthesouthernuplands,首都是Edinburgh,riverClyde克莱德河是最重要的河流,
3WalesCardiff最大的城市和首府
4northernIrelandBelfast英国最大的湖是内伊湖(LoughNeagh)
5Riversandlakes
最长的是Severnriver(赛文河),第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河,(Thamesriver),
典型的海洋性气候(maritimeclimate)
川人口60million,英国人是Anglo-Saxons,苏格兰人hospitableandgenerous,Walesareemotionalandcheerfulpeople,北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethicgroups伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区
IVHistory:
1firstsettlersareLberians(伊利比亚人)
21066(Normanconquer)1215(大宪章)1337—1453(英法百年战争)1381(农民
起义)1458(玫瑰战争,1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646(firstcivilwar),1658(therestoration王朝复辟)1688(thegloriousrevolution)
V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习
WReligion
Establishedchurches分为theChurchofEngland(officialchurch,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch指定)andtheChurchofScotland(Presbyterian,长老教会)
Unestablishedchurches:
theAnglicanchurches英国圣公会,thefreechurches自由教,theromancatholicchurch天主教
vn主要节日
ChristmasdayDecember25thEaster复活节(主要的天主教节日)whitSunday(圣
灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)GayFawkesday(盖伊福克斯之夜,11月5日,燃放烟火的节日)
忸sports,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August至UMay),最典型的英国运动是
cricket,板球)网球(annualWimbledonfortnight
IXArts博物馆(theBritishmuseum,thenationalhistorymuseum.thenationalarmy
museum,thenationalgallery)
Music(甲壳虫乐队,theBeatles,firstnationalmusicdaywasheldin1992,themostfamousmusicfestivalistheEdinburghinternationalfestivalofmusicanddrama
Xmedia(BBC,dailyExpressDailymaildailymirror,dailystar,financialtimes,theGuardian,thetimes(泰晤士报)theobserver(thefirstSundaynewspaper)
幻Political
constitutionalmonarchy,没有宪法,全靠惯例,
parliament(thehouseoflordandthehouseofcommons,任期为五年)
politicalparty:
laborparty(Whigs辉格党)andconservativeparty(Tories托利党)第二节美国概括
IyellowNationalpark(大平原地带),大峡谷(thegrandcanvon,inArizona,phoenixisthe
largestcityintheintermountainregion,thelargestcommercialcity(sanFrancisco,alsothesecondlargestcityinCalifornia)
nAlaskaandHawaii(Alaska居住着Inuits,alsocalledEskimos)
Hawaii(MaunaLoa,莫纳罗亚山,theworld'largestactivevolcano,盛产sugarcane
andpineapple,首府是Honolulu)
川地理特征
1两大主要山脉是,Appalachianmountainsandrockymountains,
2theMississippiriver(greatestcontinentalrivers,AmericanRuhr),Ohioriver(俄亥俄河)
3thegreatlakes:
lakeMichigan(唯一一个在美国境内),lakesuperior(世界上最大的淡水湖),thelakeHuron(休伦湖)lakeErie(伊利湖)andlakeOntario(安大略湖)
IVhistory
1620,201pilgrim,mayflower,1774(September,firstcontinentalcongress),onApril19,1775(,thesecondcontinentalcongress),1776(declarationofindependence),inSeptember1783,(英国承认其独立,签署停火协议),1789(establishedfederalgovernment),1812(和
英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要)1861-1865(civilwar),gildedage(镀金时代,
国内战争到20世纪初),1949(northAtlantictreaty),1950s(civilrightsmovement)1950-1975(theVietnamwar),1972(Watergatescandal)1972(访华),1979(中美建交)
VAmericanpolitical
美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法,(1789讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
)政党(democraticandrepublicanparty)
Weconomy:
federalreservesystem(coinmoney),
wheatisAmerican'smostimportantfoodcrop,cottonisaleadingcommercialcropinsouth,greatestuserandproduceroftobacco,secondexportofriceafterThailand
Weducation:
6-16
忸festival;Christmas(December25),martinLutherking'day(thethirdMondayinJanuary),Lincoln'sday(February12)GeorgeWashington'sbirthday(thethirdMondayinFebruary),EasterSunday(aSundaybetweenmarch22andApril25)independenceday(July4),Halloween(October31),thanksgivingday(thefourthThursdayinNovember)
IX重要城市
1NewYork(largestcity,bigapple,fiveboroughs:
Manhattan,Brooklyn,queens,theBronxandtheStatenisland)
2Boston(largestandvibrantcityinnewEngland,withthegreatestconcentrationofcollegesanduniversities)
3LosAngeles(thepacificcoast'slargestandbusiestcommercialcitywiththesecondlargestpopulation,Hollywood)
4NewOreleansisthesecondbusiestportintheunitedstatesafterNewYork,
5Chicago(hastheworld'sbestcollectionofmodernarchitecture,searsTower)
6SanFrancisco(crazycity,theworld'slargestgaycommunities)
7Atlanta(1996Olympicgames,thehomeofmartinLutherking,theheadquartersofCNNandcoca-cola)
8Salklakecity(saltywater,somanyMormons,摩门教徒)
第三节加拿大概况(1931,正式独立
160%的人口集中在QuebeccityandthewesternendoflakeOntario,bothFrenchand
Englishistheofficiallanguage。
2两条主要的河流是:
Mackenzie(longest)andST.Lawrence(mostimportantriver)CapitalisOttawainOntario,Quebecisthelargestprovince,VancouverisBritishColumbia'slargestcity,andalsoisthelargestcargoport)
3Quebechasthewesternhemisphere'largestdepositsofasbestos(石棉),Canadahasbecome
thelargestexporteroffish,theoldestuniversityisLavaluniversity(拉瓦勒大学)thelargestistheuniversityofToronto(多伦多大学)
第四节澳大利亚
1Dividedintothreeregion
thegreatwesternplateau,西部高原,
theeasternhighlands东部高地(thegreatbarrierreef大堡礁,Murrayriverasthelongestriver)
thecentraleasternlowlands中东部低地
2kangaroosandemus(thelargestnativedesertanimal
3Anzacday(澳新军团,April25)isthemostimportantholiday。
4world'slargestexporterofwool,coal
5political:
Parliament(thelowerhouseandupperhouse)party(theAustralialaborparty,theliberalpartyofAustralia)
6media:
theage(世纪报)theAustraliafinancialreview(金融评论报)
第五节theothers1(NewZealand)
1Wellingtonasthecapital,Aucklandasthelargestcity,kiwiasthesymbol,Laketaupeasthelargestlake,CluthatheIongestinS,Waikato库鲁萨河andWanganui旺格努伊河riverinN)
2largestexporteroflambandmuttonanddairyproducts
第二章英美文学
第一节英国文学
I中古英国文学(449-1066)
1generalintroduction:
8世纪(Anglo-Saxonprose)VenerableBedeandAlfredthegreat,15世纪(Englishballads),ThomasMalory
2importantliteraryterms:
oldEnglish(languagespokenbyAnglo-Saxon),Romance
3importantwritersandliteraryworks:
1Beowulf(oldestpoemandmostimportantspecimenofAnglo-Saxonliterature)
2Religiouspoets:
Caedmon(firstknownreligiouspoetofEngland,thefatherof
Englishsong)Cynewulf(theChristasmostcharacteristic)
3Prosewriters:
venerableBedeandAlfredthegreat
4Theromance:
sirGawainandthegreenknight
TheageofChaucer:
14centurycalled‘ageofChaucer',Chauce(rthefatherofEnglishpoetryandEnglishfiction,theCanterburytales)andLangland(朗兰)werethemostimportantwritersinthatage
ThomasMalory(Morted'Arthur,亚瑟王之死)
n文艺复兴时期文学
1generalintroduction,起源于意大利,维多利亚时代发展最快,代表是戏剧,lyricalpoetry,这个时代的英国被称为‘anestofsingingbirds'
2importantterms:
Spenserianstanza(斯宾塞诗体)euphuism(夸饰文体)
3importantwritersandliteraryworks:
1Englishpoets:
ThomasWyat(t怀亚特mostinterestingpoetofthefirsthalfof16世纪,第一个将sonnet带进英国文学)
HenryHowardsirPhilipSidney(飞利浦西德尼爵士)
Edmundspenser(埃蒙德斯宾塞,thepoet'spoet,faerieQueen,仙后)
2Englishprose:
Thomasmore(托马斯莫尔,Utopia乌托邦)
Johnlyly(约翰黎里,giverisetotheterm“euphuism”
Francisbacon(弗朗西斯培根,thetrumpeterofanewage,firstessayist,mostfamousessayasofstudies,ofloveandofbeauty)
3Englishdrama;ChristopherMarlowe(克里斯弗洛马洛,莎士比亚前最伟大的戏剧家,代表作有,thetragichistoryofdoctorFaustus,浮士德博士的悲剧,第一个在戏剧中运用blankverse)
4WilliamShakespeare(oneofthefoundersofrealism)
除了著名的有:
asyoulikeit皆大欢喜,thetwelfthnight第十二夜,
4BenJohnson:
mostfamousdramatist,代表作是【Volpone(狐狸)】
川17世纪文学
1JohnDonne约翰多恩:
thefounderofthemetaphysicalschool,【avaledictorian:
forbiddingmourning临别辞:
莫悲伤】
2GeorgeHerbert:
(saintofmetaphysicalschool)
3JohnMilton:
greatestwriterof17century【paradiselost】【paradiseregained】【Samson
Agonistes力士参孙】
4JohnBunyan约翰班杨【thepilgrim'sprogress天路历程】
5JohnDryden约翰德莱顿:
greatestpoetbetweenMiltonandPope,establishedthe
heroiccouplet,英雄史诗式两行诗
IV18世纪文学(主流是realism,neo-classicism获得了加速发展,enlightenment)
1Neo-classicism:
重要作家
AlexanderPope(蒲柏):
representativewriterofneo-classicism,18世纪早期被称为‘ageofpope'【anessayoncriticism论批评】【therapeofthelock夺发记】【essayonman论人类】
RichardsteeleandJosephAddison:
【thetattler闲谈者报】【thespectator旁观者报】SamuelJohnson:
著书最多,死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂,著名的有【thedictionaryofEnglish
language英语字典】【thelivesofEnglishpoets诗人传】
2Englishnovelists(有两股学派:
realistnovelistandsentimentalist)
1Realistnovelist
Danieldefoe:
丹尼尔笛福,fatherofEnglishandEuropeannovels【RobinsonCrusoe】JonathanSwift:
borninDublin,【amodestproposal一个小小的建议】【Gulliver'stravel】
Henryfielding亨利菲尔丁;greatestnovelistin18century【thehistoryofTomJones,afoundling】
TobiasGeorgeSmollett托利比亚斯魔莱特乔治
2Sentimentalist
SamuelRichardson
LawrenceSterne:
劳伦斯斯特恩,【lifeandopinionsofTristramShandy项狄传】
Olivergoldsmith奥利弗戈德斯密斯【thedesertedvillage荒村】【thevicarofWakefield威克菲尔德的牧师】
3poetryofthepre-romanticismandsentimentalism
JamesThomson苏格兰诗人,【season!
前浪漫主义第一首出名的诗歌
EdwardYoung
WilliamCollins【odetoevening晚颂】
ThomasGray【elegywritteninacountrychurchyard墓园挽歌】
WilliamBlake【songsofinnocence其中最著名的是thelamb】【songsofexperienee其中著名的有tiger,London,thechimney-sweeper扫烟囱的孩子】
RobertBurns;thegreatestsongwriterintheworld【ared,redrose红红的玫瑰】【auldLangsweeper旧日美好时光】
4Englishdramain18century
JohnGay【thebeggar'sopera乞丐歌剧】,继承了现实主义在歌剧写作中
RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德布林斯里谢丽丹【therivals情敌】【theschoolforscandal造谣学校】
V浪漫主义文学
1抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义的出现,同时女小说家也开始出现,最出名的历史小说家是WalterScott,lambisthebestessayistinthisag