专八人文知识汇总自我总结版.docx

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专八人文知识汇总自我总结版

第一章英语国家概括

第一节英国概括

I地理

有四个部分组成greatBritain(England,Wales,Scotland)andnorthernIreland

n地理特征最短的海峡straitofDover多佛海峡

1Englandthepennies英格兰最主要的山脉

2Scotlandthreenaturalzone:

thehighlandscentrallowlandsthesouthernuplands,首都是Edinburgh,riverClyde克莱德河是最重要的河流,

3WalesCardiff最大的城市和首府

4northernIrelandBelfast英国最大的湖是内伊湖(LoughNeagh)

5Riversandlakes

最长的是Severnriver(赛文河),第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河,(Thamesriver),

典型的海洋性气候(maritimeclimate)

川人口60million,英国人是Anglo-Saxons,苏格兰人hospitableandgenerous,Walesareemotionalandcheerfulpeople,北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语,其次才是英语ethicgroups伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区

IVHistory:

1firstsettlersareLberians(伊利比亚人)

21066(Normanconquer)1215(大宪章)1337—1453(英法百年战争)1381(农民

起义)1458(玫瑰战争,1350-1650(Renaissance)1642-1646(firstcivilwar),1658(therestoration王朝复辟)1688(thegloriousrevolution)

V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习

WReligion

Establishedchurches分为theChurchofEngland(officialchurch,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch指定)andtheChurchofScotland(Presbyterian,长老教会)

Unestablishedchurches:

theAnglicanchurches英国圣公会,thefreechurches自由教,theromancatholicchurch天主教

vn主要节日

ChristmasdayDecember25thEaster复活节(主要的天主教节日)whitSunday(圣

灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日)GayFawkesday(盖伊福克斯之夜,11月5日,燃放烟火的节日)

忸sports,足球是最受欢迎的(职业足球从August至UMay),最典型的英国运动是

cricket,板球)网球(annualWimbledonfortnight

IXArts博物馆(theBritishmuseum,thenationalhistorymuseum.thenationalarmy

museum,thenationalgallery)

Music(甲壳虫乐队,theBeatles,firstnationalmusicdaywasheldin1992,themostfamousmusicfestivalistheEdinburghinternationalfestivalofmusicanddrama

Xmedia(BBC,dailyExpressDailymaildailymirror,dailystar,financialtimes,theGuardian,thetimes(泰晤士报)theobserver(thefirstSundaynewspaper)

幻Political

constitutionalmonarchy,没有宪法,全靠惯例,

parliament(thehouseoflordandthehouseofcommons,任期为五年)

politicalparty:

laborparty(Whigs辉格党)andconservativeparty(Tories托利党)第二节美国概括

IyellowNationalpark(大平原地带),大峡谷(thegrandcanvon,inArizona,phoenixisthe

largestcityintheintermountainregion,thelargestcommercialcity(sanFrancisco,alsothesecondlargestcityinCalifornia)

nAlaskaandHawaii(Alaska居住着Inuits,alsocalledEskimos)

Hawaii(MaunaLoa,莫纳罗亚山,theworld'largestactivevolcano,盛产sugarcane

andpineapple,首府是Honolulu)

川地理特征

1两大主要山脉是,Appalachianmountainsandrockymountains,

2theMississippiriver(greatestcontinentalrivers,AmericanRuhr),Ohioriver(俄亥俄河)

3thegreatlakes:

lakeMichigan(唯一一个在美国境内),lakesuperior(世界上最大的淡水湖),thelakeHuron(休伦湖)lakeErie(伊利湖)andlakeOntario(安大略湖)

IVhistory

1620,201pilgrim,mayflower,1774(September,firstcontinentalcongress),onApril19,1775(,thesecondcontinentalcongress),1776(declarationofindependence),inSeptember1783,(英国承认其独立,签署停火协议),1789(establishedfederalgovernment),1812(和

英国开战,认识到强大的联邦政府的重要)1861-1865(civilwar),gildedage(镀金时代,

国内战争到20世纪初),1949(northAtlantictreaty),1950s(civilrightsmovement)1950-1975(theVietnamwar),1972(Watergatescandal)1972(访华),1979(中美建交)

VAmericanpolitical

美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法,(1789讨论成立,国会两院,三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。

)政党(democraticandrepublicanparty)

Weconomy:

federalreservesystem(coinmoney),

wheatisAmerican'smostimportantfoodcrop,cottonisaleadingcommercialcropinsouth,greatestuserandproduceroftobacco,secondexportofriceafterThailand

Weducation:

6-16

忸festival;Christmas(December25),martinLutherking'day(thethirdMondayinJanuary),Lincoln'sday(February12)GeorgeWashington'sbirthday(thethirdMondayinFebruary),EasterSunday(aSundaybetweenmarch22andApril25)independenceday(July4),Halloween(October31),thanksgivingday(thefourthThursdayinNovember)

IX重要城市

1NewYork(largestcity,bigapple,fiveboroughs:

Manhattan,Brooklyn,queens,theBronxandtheStatenisland)

2Boston(largestandvibrantcityinnewEngland,withthegreatestconcentrationofcollegesanduniversities)

3LosAngeles(thepacificcoast'slargestandbusiestcommercialcitywiththesecondlargestpopulation,Hollywood)

4NewOreleansisthesecondbusiestportintheunitedstatesafterNewYork,

5Chicago(hastheworld'sbestcollectionofmodernarchitecture,searsTower)

6SanFrancisco(crazycity,theworld'slargestgaycommunities)

7Atlanta(1996Olympicgames,thehomeofmartinLutherking,theheadquartersofCNNandcoca-cola)

8Salklakecity(saltywater,somanyMormons,摩门教徒)

第三节加拿大概况(1931,正式独立

160%的人口集中在QuebeccityandthewesternendoflakeOntario,bothFrenchand

Englishistheofficiallanguage。

2两条主要的河流是:

Mackenzie(longest)andST.Lawrence(mostimportantriver)CapitalisOttawainOntario,Quebecisthelargestprovince,VancouverisBritishColumbia'slargestcity,andalsoisthelargestcargoport)

3Quebechasthewesternhemisphere'largestdepositsofasbestos(石棉),Canadahasbecome

thelargestexporteroffish,theoldestuniversityisLavaluniversity(拉瓦勒大学)thelargestistheuniversityofToronto(多伦多大学)

第四节澳大利亚

1Dividedintothreeregion

thegreatwesternplateau,西部高原,

theeasternhighlands东部高地(thegreatbarrierreef大堡礁,Murrayriverasthelongestriver)

thecentraleasternlowlands中东部低地

2kangaroosandemus(thelargestnativedesertanimal

3Anzacday(澳新军团,April25)isthemostimportantholiday。

4world'slargestexporterofwool,coal

5political:

Parliament(thelowerhouseandupperhouse)party(theAustralialaborparty,theliberalpartyofAustralia)

6media:

theage(世纪报)theAustraliafinancialreview(金融评论报)

第五节theothers1(NewZealand)

1Wellingtonasthecapital,Aucklandasthelargestcity,kiwiasthesymbol,Laketaupeasthelargestlake,CluthatheIongestinS,Waikato库鲁萨河andWanganui旺格努伊河riverinN)

2largestexporteroflambandmuttonanddairyproducts

第二章英美文学

第一节英国文学

I中古英国文学(449-1066)

1generalintroduction:

8世纪(Anglo-Saxonprose)VenerableBedeandAlfredthegreat,15世纪(Englishballads),ThomasMalory

2importantliteraryterms:

oldEnglish(languagespokenbyAnglo-Saxon),Romance

3importantwritersandliteraryworks:

1Beowulf(oldestpoemandmostimportantspecimenofAnglo-Saxonliterature)

2Religiouspoets:

Caedmon(firstknownreligiouspoetofEngland,thefatherof

Englishsong)Cynewulf(theChristasmostcharacteristic)

3Prosewriters:

venerableBedeandAlfredthegreat

4Theromance:

sirGawainandthegreenknight

TheageofChaucer:

14centurycalled‘ageofChaucer',Chauce(rthefatherofEnglishpoetryandEnglishfiction,theCanterburytales)andLangland(朗兰)werethemostimportantwritersinthatage

ThomasMalory(Morted'Arthur,亚瑟王之死)

n文艺复兴时期文学

1generalintroduction,起源于意大利,维多利亚时代发展最快,代表是戏剧,lyricalpoetry,这个时代的英国被称为‘anestofsingingbirds'

2importantterms:

Spenserianstanza(斯宾塞诗体)euphuism(夸饰文体)

3importantwritersandliteraryworks:

1Englishpoets:

ThomasWyat(t怀亚特mostinterestingpoetofthefirsthalfof16世纪,第一个将sonnet带进英国文学)

HenryHowardsirPhilipSidney(飞利浦西德尼爵士)

Edmundspenser(埃蒙德斯宾塞,thepoet'spoet,faerieQueen,仙后)

2Englishprose:

Thomasmore(托马斯莫尔,Utopia乌托邦)

Johnlyly(约翰黎里,giverisetotheterm“euphuism”

Francisbacon(弗朗西斯培根,thetrumpeterofanewage,firstessayist,mostfamousessayasofstudies,ofloveandofbeauty)

3Englishdrama;ChristopherMarlowe(克里斯弗洛马洛,莎士比亚前最伟大的戏剧家,代表作有,thetragichistoryofdoctorFaustus,浮士德博士的悲剧,第一个在戏剧中运用blankverse)

4WilliamShakespeare(oneofthefoundersofrealism)

除了著名的有:

asyoulikeit皆大欢喜,thetwelfthnight第十二夜,

4BenJohnson:

mostfamousdramatist,代表作是【Volpone(狐狸)】

川17世纪文学

1JohnDonne约翰多恩:

thefounderofthemetaphysicalschool,【avaledictorian:

forbiddingmourning临别辞:

莫悲伤】

2GeorgeHerbert:

(saintofmetaphysicalschool)

3JohnMilton:

greatestwriterof17century【paradiselost】【paradiseregained】【Samson

Agonistes力士参孙】

4JohnBunyan约翰班杨【thepilgrim'sprogress天路历程】

5JohnDryden约翰德莱顿:

greatestpoetbetweenMiltonandPope,establishedthe

heroiccouplet,英雄史诗式两行诗

IV18世纪文学(主流是realism,neo-classicism获得了加速发展,enlightenment)

1Neo-classicism:

重要作家

AlexanderPope(蒲柏):

representativewriterofneo-classicism,18世纪早期被称为‘ageofpope'【anessayoncriticism论批评】【therapeofthelock夺发记】【essayonman论人类】

RichardsteeleandJosephAddison:

【thetattler闲谈者报】【thespectator旁观者报】SamuelJohnson:

著书最多,死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂,著名的有【thedictionaryofEnglish

language英语字典】【thelivesofEnglishpoets诗人传】

2Englishnovelists(有两股学派:

realistnovelistandsentimentalist)

1Realistnovelist

Danieldefoe:

丹尼尔笛福,fatherofEnglishandEuropeannovels【RobinsonCrusoe】JonathanSwift:

borninDublin,【amodestproposal一个小小的建议】【Gulliver'stravel】

Henryfielding亨利菲尔丁;greatestnovelistin18century【thehistoryofTomJones,afoundling】

TobiasGeorgeSmollett托利比亚斯魔莱特乔治

2Sentimentalist

SamuelRichardson

LawrenceSterne:

劳伦斯斯特恩,【lifeandopinionsofTristramShandy项狄传】

Olivergoldsmith奥利弗戈德斯密斯【thedesertedvillage荒村】【thevicarofWakefield威克菲尔德的牧师】

3poetryofthepre-romanticismandsentimentalism

JamesThomson苏格兰诗人,【season!

前浪漫主义第一首出名的诗歌

EdwardYoung

WilliamCollins【odetoevening晚颂】

ThomasGray【elegywritteninacountrychurchyard墓园挽歌】

WilliamBlake【songsofinnocence其中最著名的是thelamb】【songsofexperienee其中著名的有tiger,London,thechimney-sweeper扫烟囱的孩子】

RobertBurns;thegreatestsongwriterintheworld【ared,redrose红红的玫瑰】【auldLangsweeper旧日美好时光】

4Englishdramain18century

JohnGay【thebeggar'sopera乞丐歌剧】,继承了现实主义在歌剧写作中

RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德布林斯里谢丽丹【therivals情敌】【theschoolforscandal造谣学校】

V浪漫主义文学

1抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义的出现,同时女小说家也开始出现,最出名的历史小说家是WalterScott,lambisthebestessayistinthisag

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