专八人文知识汇总自我总结版.docx

1、专八人文知识汇总自我总结版第一章 英语国家概括第一节 英国概括I地理有四个部分组成 great Britain （ England ， Wales， Scotland） and northern Irelandn地理特征最短的海峡 strait of Dover多佛海峡1England the pennies 英格兰 最主要的山脉2Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都 是 Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流，3Wales Card

2、iff 最大的城市和首府4northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是 内伊湖 （Lough Neagh）5Rivers and lakes最长的是 Severn river （赛文河），第二长和最重要的是 泰晤士河，（Thames river）,典型的海洋性气候（ maritime climate ）川人口 60million ，英国人是 Anglo-Saxons ,苏格兰人 hospitable and generous, Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰 的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语 ethic group

3、s 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区IVHistory :1first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）21066（ Norman conquer） 1215 （大宪章） 13371453（英法百年战争） 1381（农民起义） 1458（玫瑰战争, 1350-1650（ Renaissance） 1642-1646 （first civil war ）, 1658 （ the restoration 王朝复辟） 1688（ the glorious revolution ）V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习W Religio nEstablished churches

4、分为 the Church of England （ official church ,英国君主必须是这个 教的成员主教和大主教由 monarch 指定） and the Church of Scotland （ Presbyterian , 长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会, the free churches 自由教, the roman catholic church 天主教vn 主要节日Christmas day December 25 th Easter 复活节 （主要的天主教节日） whit Sun d

5、ay （圣灵降临节,复活节后的第 7个周日） Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜, 11月5日, 燃放烟火的节日）忸 sports，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从 August至U May）,最典型的英国运动是cricket ，板球）网球（ annual Wimbledon fortnightIXArts 博物馆（the British museum, the national history museum .the national armymuseum ,the national gallery ）Music （甲壳虫乐队， the Beatles ,first national

6、 music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaXmedia （BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,finan cial times ,the Guardia n, the times （泰晤士报 ）the observer （the first Sunday newspaper）幻 Politicalconstitutional m

7、onarchy ，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons ，任期为五年）political party ： labor party(Whigs 辉格党 ) and conservative party ( Tories 托利党) 第二节 美国概括Iyellow National park (大平原地带), 大峡谷 (the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is thelargest city in the intermountain region ,the larges

8、t commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )n Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着 Inuits , also called Eskimos)Hawaii ( Mauna Loa，莫纳罗亚山， the world largest active volca no，盛产 sugar caneand pin eapple，首府是 Honolulu )川地理特征1两大主要山脉是， Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2

9、the Mississippi river ( greatest continental rivers ， American Ruhr )， Ohio river (俄亥 俄河)3the great lakes: lake Michigan (唯一一个在美国境内)，lake superior (世界上最大的 淡水湖) ， the lake Huron (休伦湖) lake Erie (伊利湖) and lake Ontario (安大略 湖)IVhistory1620， 201 pilgrim ， mayflower,1774(September, first continental cong

10、ress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立，签署停火协议) ， 1789( established federal government)， 1812(和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war ) ,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到 20 世纪初 )， 1949 (north Atlantic treaty)， 1950s (civil r

11、ights movement) 1950-1975 (the Vietnam war)， 1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华)， 1979(中美建交)VAmerica n political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法， (1789 讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便 可以对宪法进行修改。 )政党 (democratic and republican party)W economy :federal reserve system(coin money ),wheat is American smost important food crop, cotton

12、is a leading commercial crop in south , greatest user and producer of tobacco , second export of rice after ThailandW education :6-16忸 festival; Christmas (December 25),marti n Luther ki ng day(the third Mon day in January ),Lincoln s day (February 12) George Washington sbirthday( the third Monday i

13、n February ),Easter Sunday( a Sunday between march 22 and April 25 )independence day (July 4) , Halloween( October 31),thanksgiving day (the fourth Thursday in November)IX 重要城市1New York (largest city ， big apple ， five boroughs : Manhattan， Brooklyn ， queens， the Bronx and the Staten island )2Boston

14、 (largest and vibrant city in new England， with the greatest concentration of colleges and universities )3Los Angeles( the pacific coasts largest and busiest commercial city with the second largest population ， Hollywood )4New Oreleans is the second busiest port in the united states after New York ,

15、5Chicago(has the worlds best collection of modern architecture ， sears Tower)6San Francisco( crazy city ， the world slargest gay communities)7Atlanta ( 1996 Olympic games ， the home of martin Luther king ， the headquarters of CNN and coca-cola )8Salk lake city ( salty water ， so many Mormons , 摩门教徒)

16、第三节 加拿大概况( 1931,正式独立160%的人口集中在 Quebec city and the western end of lake Ontario ， both French andEnglish is the official language 。2两条主要的河流是： Mackenzie ( longest) and ST. Lawrence ( most important river ) Capital is Ottawa in Ontario ， Quebec is the largest province ， Vancouver is British Columbia s

17、largest city， and also is the largest cargo port)3Quebec has the western hemisphere largest deposits of asbestos(石棉),Canada has becomethe largest exporter of fish， the oldest university is Laval university (拉瓦勒大学) the largest is the university of Toronto (多伦多大学)第四节 澳大利亚1Divided into three regionthe

18、great wester n plateau，西部高原，the eastern highlands 东部高地( the great barrier reef 大堡礁， Murray river as the longest river)the central eastern lowlands 中东部低地2kangaroos and emus ( the largest native desert animal3Anzac day (澳新军团， April 25 ) is the most important holiday 。4world s largest exporter of wool

19、， coal5political ： Parliament ( the lower house and upper house) party( the Australia labor party ， the liberal party of Australia )6media： the age (世纪报) the Australia financial review (金融评论报)第五节 the others1(New Zealand)1Wellington as the capital ， Auckland as the largest city, kiwi as the symbol ，

20、Lake taupe as the largest lake ,Clutha the Iongest in S , Waikato 库鲁萨河 and Wanganui 旺格努伊河 river in N )2largest exporter of lamb and mutton and dairy products第二章 英美文学第一节 英国文学I中古英国文学(449 -1066)1general introduction : 8 世纪 (Anglo-Saxon prose ) Venerable Bede and Alfred the great, 15世纪( English ballads)

21、， Thomas Malory2important literary terms ： old English ( language spoken by Anglo-Saxon ) ， Romance3important writers and literary works ：1Beowulf ( oldest poem and most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature )2Religious poets ： Caedmon( first known religious poet of England， the father ofEngl

22、ish song ) Cynewulf ( the Christ as most characteristic )3Prose writers： venerable Bede and Alfred the great4The romance ： sir Gawain and the green knightThe age of Chaucer： 14 century called age of Chaucer， Chauce(r the father of English poetry and English fiction ， the Canterbury tales) and Langla

23、nd (朗兰) were the most important writers in that ageThomas Malory （ Morte dArthur ，亚瑟王之死）n 文艺复兴时期文学1general introduction ，起源于意大利， 维多利亚时代发展最快， 代表是戏剧， lyrical poetry ， 这个时代的英国被称为 a nest of singing birds 2important terms : Spenserian stanza （斯宾塞诗体） euphuism （夸饰文体）3important writers and literary works ：1

24、English poets:Thomas Wyat（t 怀亚特 most interesting poet of the first half of 16 世纪，第一个将 sonnet 带进英国文学）Henry Howard sir Philip Sidney （飞利浦西德尼爵士）Edmund spenser （埃蒙德斯宾塞， the poets poet, faerie Queen,仙后）2English prose:Thomas more （托马斯莫尔, Utopia 乌托邦）John lyly （约翰黎里, give rise to the term “euphuism”Francis

25、bacon （弗朗西斯培根， the trumpeter of a new age，first essayist，most famous essay as of studies，of love and of beauty）3English drama; Christopher Marlowe （克里斯弗洛马洛,莎士比亚前最伟大的戏剧 家,代表作有, the tragic history of doctor Faustus ,浮士德博士的悲剧,第一个在 戏剧中运用 blank verse）4William Shakespeare（one of the founders of realism）除了

26、著名的有: as you like it 皆大欢喜, the twelfth night 第十二夜 ,4Ben Johnson : most famous dramatist，代表作是 【Volpone （狐狸）】川 17世纪文学1John Donne 约翰多恩: the founder of the metaphysical school,【 a valedictorian :forbidding mourning 临别辞 : 莫悲伤】2George Herbert: （saint of metaphysical school）3John Milton : greatest writer o

27、f 17 century【 paradise lost】【 paradise regained】【 SamsonAgonistes 力士参孙】4John Bunyan 约翰班杨【 the pilgrim s progress 天路历程】5John Dryden 约翰德莱顿 : greatest poet between Milton and Pope, established theheroic couplet，英雄史诗式两行诗IV 18 世纪文学（主流是 realism , neo-classicism 获得了加速发展， enlightenment ）1Neo-classicism :重要作

28、家Alexander Pope （蒲柏） :representative writer of neo-classicism , 18 世纪早期被称为 age of pope【an essay on criticism 论批评】 【the rape of the lock 夺发 记】【 essay on man 论人类】Richard steele and Joseph Addison:【 the tattler 闲谈者报】 【 the spectator 旁观者报】 Samuel Johnson：著书最多，死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂， 著名的有【the dictionary of Englishl

29、anguage 英语字典】 【 the lives of English poets 诗人传】2English novelists （有两股学派: realist novelist and sentimentalist ）1Realist novelistDaniel defoe :丹尼尔笛福, father of English and European novels 【 Robinson Crusoe】 Jonathan Swift : born in Dublin ,【a modest proposal 一个小小的建议】 【Gulliver s travel】Henry fielding

30、 亨利菲尔丁； greatest novelist in 18 century 【the history of Tom Jones ， a foundling 】Tobias George Smollett 托利比亚 斯魔莱特 乔治2SentimentalistSamuel RichardsonLawrence Sterne ：劳伦斯 斯特恩，【 life and opinions of Tristram Shandy 项狄传】Oliver goldsmith 奥利弗戈德斯密斯 【 the deserted village 荒村】【 the vicar of Wakefield 威 克菲尔德的

31、牧师】3poetry of the pre-romanticism and sentimentalismJames Thomson苏格兰诗人，【season!前浪漫主义第一首出名的诗歌Edward YoungWilliam Collins 【 ode to evening 晚颂】Thomas Gray 【 elegy written in a country churchyard 墓园挽歌】William Blake 【songs of innocence 其中最著名的是 the lamb 】【songs of experienee 其 中著名的有 tiger， London ， the ch

32、imney-sweeper 扫烟囱的孩子】Robert Burns； the greatest songwriter in the world 【a red， red rose 红红的玫瑰】 【auld Lang sweeper 旧日美好时光】4English drama in 18 centuryJohn Gay 【 the beggars opera 乞丐歌剧】，继承了现实主义在歌剧写作中Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德布林斯里谢丽丹【 the rivals 情敌】【 the school for scandal 造谣学校】V 浪漫主义文学1抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义的出现， 同时女小说家也开始出现， 最出名的历史小 说家是 Walter Scott， lamb is the best essayist in this ag