英语真题.docx

英语真题.docx

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英语真题

2008年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题

  2008-02-02      

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext．Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA，B，COr

DonANSWERSHEET1．（10points）

Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.

ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa（an）17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.

1.

[A]selected

[B]prepared

[C]obliged

[D]pleased

2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare

3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against

4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately

5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence

6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk

7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects

8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question

9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating

10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total

11.

[A]unconsciously

[B]disproportionately

[C]indefinitely

[D]unaccountably

12.

[A]missions

[B]fortunes

[C]interests

[D]careers

13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve

14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile

15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown

16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing

17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument

18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined

19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed

20.

[A]paradoxical

[B]incompatible

[C]inevitable

[D]continuous

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts．AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B，Cor

D．MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．（40points）

Text1

Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.YehudachiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sveteran’sAdministrationhospital.

Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries（thefemalereproductiveorgans）removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress,“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell,It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebtIlivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain,Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeit.threatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.

21.Whichofthefollowistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?

[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.

[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen

[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress

[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress

22.Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen.

[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.

[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.

[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.

[D]areexposedtomorestress.

23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe.

[A]domesticandtemporary.

[B]irregularandviolent.

[C]durableandfrequent.

[D]trivialandrandom.

24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck,”（Line6.Para.5）showsthat

[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.

[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.

[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.

[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]StrainofStress:

NoWayout.

[B]ResponsestoStress:

GenderDifference.

[C]StressAnalysis:

WhatChemicalsSay.

[D]GenderInequality:

WomenUnderStress.

Text2

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisherandresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit—ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD）hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.

Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubject.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonlineEntirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging.threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree.suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses

[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECD