人教版新课标初中语法大全.docx
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人教版新课标初中语法大全
并列句与复合句
and,both…and…,aswellas,notonly…butalso…, neither…nor…,either…or..,so,while,等用于并列句。
HecanspeaknotonlyEnglishbutalsoFrench.
Studyhard,oryou’llfailtheexam.
Katewasill,soshedidn’tgotoschool.
时间状语从句
1、 当主句是一般将来时或祈使句,表将来意见时,从句用一般现在时,简称“主将从现”。
I’llringyouupassoonasIgettoBeijing.
2、 until\till引导的时间状语从句
1) 主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,主句用肯定式,表这一动作或状态一直延续到until\till所表示的时间为止。
I’llwaitforyoutillyoucometoseeme.
2)主句的谓语动词时非延续性动词时,用否定形式表示主句的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生。
Ididn’tgotobeduntilIfinishedmyhomework.
3)since引导的时间状语从句中,主句用一般现在时或完成时,从句用一般过去式。
IhaveworkedinthisschoolsinceIgraduatedfromBeijingUniversity.
Itis10yearsinceIbegantostudyEnglish.
条件状语从句
1)主句为一般将来时,从句用一般现在时
I’llvisittheGreatWallifitdoesn’traintomorrow.
2)“祈使句+and\or引导的结果状语从句中,祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句
Useyourhead,andyou’llfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhead,you’llfindaway.
原因状语从句
如果状语从句所表达的原因是人们已知的事实,就要用since,而不用as或because,since在这里的意思是“既然”.
Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,youcanasksomeoneforhelp.
目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的词组有:
sothat,inorderthat,
Hemustgetupearlysothathecancatchthefirstbus.
Heworkeddayandnightinorderthathecouldsucceed.
=Heworkeddayandnightinordertosucceed.
结果状语从句
引导词so…that,such…that
so+adj./adv.+that
such+a/an+adj.+单数名词+that
such+adj.=不可数名词+that
so+adj.+a/an+单数名词+that
Sheissuchalovelygirlthatweloveherverymuch.
=Sheissolovelygirlthatweloveherverymuch.
当名词前有many或much修饰时,用so不用such,
Wehavesomuchtimethatwecanfinishtheworkverywell.
2)so…that句型可以用too…to或notenoughto代替,
Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.
=Heistooyoungtogotoschool.=Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.
宾语从句
引导词有that,what,which,who,whose,whom,when(表时间),where(表地点),why(表原因),how(表方式),if/whether,
Hesaid(that)Katewasgoodatswimming.
Idon’tknowwhattheyaregoingtodo.
Couldyoutellmewhereyouarefrom?
Doyouknowhowtheyfoundtheplace?
Heaskedmeifshewasateacher.
一主句时态一致
1如果主句是现在的某种时态,则宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。
Irememberhegavemeabookyesterday.
Hehastoldmethathe’llleaveforNewYorktomorrow.
2如果主句是过去的某种时态,那么宾语从句一定要用过去的某种时态。
Hetoldmethathewouldtakepartinthehighjump.
3如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理时,即使从句时过去式,从句也用一般现在时。
Hetoldmethattheearthisround.
二宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。
DoyouknowwhatKate’se-mailaddressis?
三宾语从句的连接词
引导词that不可省略的情况
1当宾语从句的主语是that时,
Hesaysthatthatisausefulbook.
2当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时
I’mafraidthatifyou’veloseit,youmustpayforit.
3当两个或多个宾语从句由并列词连接时,除第一个从句中的that可省略外,其余从句中的that都可以省略。
Hesaid(that)thefilmwasveryinterestingandthatheenjoyedseeingitverymuch.
四含疑问语气的句子构成宾语从句时用whether/if连接。
Heaskedmeif/whetherIwasfromJapan.
Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedwatchingTV.
五否定转移
当主句的主语为第一人称,谓语是think,believe,suppose时,要将从句的否定词转移到主句中。
Idon’tthinkhewillcomewithyou.
六宾语从句的简化
1当从句的主语与主句的主语相同,且主句的谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,agree,choose时,从句可简化为不定式结构。
IhopethatIcanreceiveyoure-mail.=Ihopetoreceiveyoure-mail.
2当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同,且主语的谓语是know,remember,forget,learn时,从句可简化为疑问词+不定式结构
Shedoesn’tknowwhatsheshoulddonext.=Shedoesn’tknowwhattodonext.
3seem后的宾语从句可用不定式来简化
Itseemsthatfootballisveryinteresting.=Footballseemstobeveryinteresting.
定语从句
在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的从句,叫定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
引导定语从句的关系代词是that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when(表时间),where(表地点),why(表原因)。
关系代词和关系副词位于先行词和定语从句中间,它起连接作用,同时又充当从句中的一个成分。
Doyouknowthegirlwho/thathasgotan“A”intheexam.
Shegotacomputerwhich/thatherparentsboughtforher.
Theboywhosefatherisadoctorstudiesveryhard.
IstillrememberthedaywhenyouleftforBeijing.
Thisistheschoolwheremymotherworks.
Couldyouexplainthereasonwhyyouwerelate.
一关系代词的用法
关系代词that既可指人也可指物,可以代替who,whom与which,which指物,在从句中作主语或谓语介词的宾语;who在从句中作主语或宾语;whom在从句中作宾语;whose在从句中作定语,
1只能用关系代词that的情况
1)当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing,等时,
Isthereanything(that)youdon’tunderstand?
2)当先行词前面有theonly,thevery,thelast等修饰时,
ThisistheonlybookthatIcanfind.
3)当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时,
ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.
4)当先行词前面有only,all,any,no等修饰时,
IwanttoreadallthebooksthatwerewrittenbyLuXun.
5)当主句是疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句时,
Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2关系代词的省略。
一般情况下,that,which,whom作定语时可省略,但以下情况不能省略,
1)关系代词which,whom在从句中作介词的宾语时,不能省略,
I’llneverforgetthedayonwhichIjoinedtheclub.
2)that,which在从句中作主语时,不能省略。
Whoistheboythatistalkingwithourteacher?
3关系副词的用法
1)when表时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
IstillremembertheyearwhenyougraduatedfromNO.8Middleschool.
2)why表原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词是reason.
Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforeschool.
3)where表地点,在定语从句中作地点状语
ThatistheschoolwhereIstudiedthreeyearsago.
主谓一致和倒装句
一主谓一致
1、当and连接两个或多个名词,或both…and…连接两份·两个名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
TomandMikearegoodfriends. BothLucyandLilyarestudents.
2、不定代词either,neither,eachone,theone,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,nobody,noone,nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Isthereanythingwrongwithyourbike?
Everyoneisreadyforthesportsmeeting.
3、each,each…and,each…,every…and,every…作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Eachboyandeachgirlwasgivenanewbook.
4、主语后有with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,nolessthan,morethan,including,besides,like,except,but等时,谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。
Mr.GreenwithhiswifeandtwodaughtersiscomingtoBeijing.
5、anumberof+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;thenumberof+名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Thenumberofstudentsinourclassis32. Anumberoftreesarecutdown.
6、“alotof,lotsof,plentyof,mostof+名词”或者是“分数或百分数+名词”等作主语时,谓语的单复数形式取决于名词,如果是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果是可数名词复数,则谓语动词用复数形式。
Lotsofpeoplehavebeenthere.
7、apairof,akindof+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;pairof,kindsof+复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Apairofsunglassesislyingonthetable. Fifteenpairsofshoesaremadeeachday.
8、某些只有复数形式的名词(clothes,trousers,shorts,parts,shoes…)作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Myshoeswerewornout.
9、由and连接的两个名词作主语,如果是指同一概念(即and后面无冠词),则谓语动词用单数形式。
Theteacherandwriteriscomingtogiveusaportnextweek.
Thesingeranddancerhasbeeninvitedtotheparty.
10、表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等复数名词、词组作主语时,一般被看作一个整体,谓语动词常用单数。
Threeyearsisalongtime.
11、集体名词(family,team,crowd,company,class,group,government)如果表示整体概念,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示集体成员,则谓语动词用复数形式。
Myfamilyisasmallonewiththreepeople.
12、people,police,cattle等集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Thepolicearehelpingagirlfindhermother.
13、oneandahalf的后面要接复数名词,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。
Oneandahalfcakeisagoodmealforhim.
二、就近原则
有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致,而是与靠近它的名词一致,这叫做就近原则。
1、由either…or…,neither…nor,notonly…but(also)…,not…but…,或or连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词与较近的主语在数上保持一致。
NotonlymyparentsbutalsoIamlookingforwardtomeetingmyuncle.
倒装句 so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语 如sodoI.
neither+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语, 如neitherdoI.
Lucyisagoodstudent. SoisLily.
TomwatchedTVlastnight. SodidAnn.
Marydidn’twatchTVlastnight. NeitherdidJim.
注意:
TomisanAmerican. Soheis.(的确如此)
2、therebe句型
therebe句型表示“存在”,是一个主语在be动词后面的倒装句。
Thereisatreeinfrontofthebuilding.
3、以副词开头的倒装句
在in,here,there,out,in,down,away等表示方位的副词开头的句子中,如果主语是名词,要用倒装句。
因此,谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句尾的主语决定。
Therecomesthebus. Herearesomeflowers.
注意:
如果主语是人称代词,就不必倒装。
Hereyouare. Hereitis.
另:
以news,works(工厂),或以-ics结尾的学科名词,如physics,politics,mathematics作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
还有,以what从句作主语,如果表示的是单数意义,则谓语动词用单数形式;如果表示的是复数意义,则谓语动词用复数形式。
Whathewantedtoknowwaswhytheydidn’ttellhim.
再有,以the+姓氏复数表示“…一家”或“…夫妇”,当它在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
TheBlacksenjoyworkinginChina.
非谓语动词
非谓语动词有三种形式:
动词不定式to+do;
动名词doing;
分词(现在分词doing与过去分词done)
一动词不定式的结构
to+do;否定形式not+to+do
Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.作表语
SheaskedmenottospeakChineseinanEnglishclass.作宾语
Haveyougotanythingtosay?
作定语
I’msorrytotroubleyou.作状语,表原因
IwenttothelibrarytostudyEnglish.作状语,表目的
1不定式作主语
Toprotecttheenvironmentisimportantforus.
=It’simportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.
注意:
在kind,good,nice,clear等表示人的品质的形容词后,用of不用for
It’sverykindofyoutohelpme.
2不定式作宾语
Helikestoplaybasketball.
常见的一些不带to的动词不定式
whynotdo,whydon’tyoudo,hadbetter(not)do,wouldratherdo,could/would/willyouplease(not)do
Iwouldratherstayintheroom.
二不定式作宾语补足语
Lucyaskedhimtoturndowntheradio.
tell,ask,want,allow,get,wouldlike,encourage等后常跟不定式作宾补。
MymotherencouragesmetolearnJapanese.
注意:
一些使役动词与感官动词用不定式作宾补时,不定式要省略to,这些动词有一感(feel),二听(hear,listen),三让(let,make,have),四看(lookat,see,watch,notice),但变为被动语态时,必须加上to.
Myfriendsweremadetoworkthewholenightbytheboss.
三不定式作定语时要在名词之后,它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系;若动词是不及物时,且与所修饰的词是动宾关系时,要在动词后加上适当的介词。
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
2不定式常与疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,相当于一个宾语从句
Theteacheristellingthestudentswhattodo.
Shedidn’tknowwheretogo.
动名词doing
Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.谓语动词用单数形式
注意一些动词后面常跟动名词,这样的动词有:
finish,enjoy,mind,miss,beworth,bebusy,practice,havefun,havetrouble/problem(in),spend…(in),feellike,beusedto,giveup,keepon,consider,suggest,can’thelp,
分词:
现在分词与过去分词
Doyouknowthegirlstandingunderthetree?
作定语
Pleasehandinyourwrittenexercises.作定语
Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.状语
Seenfromthehill,ourschoollooksmorebeautiful.状语
Thesituationisencouraging.表语
Theboyistoofrightenedtomove.表语
Don’tkeepuswaitingforalongtime.补足语
Iheardhimsingingintheclassroom.补足语
He’llhavehishaircutafterschool. 补足语
四一些动词接不定式与动名词的区别
Stoptodo remembertodo forgettodo goontodo regretto