Chinese Culture.docx

Chinese Culture.docx

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ChineseCulture

1.ThreeSensesofCulture

Theeducationofhumanbeingorthethoughtofhumanbeings.

Anyspiritualresultshumanachievesinhistory;anyspiritualactivitieshumanbeingsparticipateinintheirlife.

Anymaterialorspiritualresultshumanbeingsachieveinhistory.

2.Thesystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofsocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.

3.CulturalAchievementsofQinDynasty

1）ItestablishedthefirstcentralizedmonarchyinChina.

2）Thewrittenlanguagewassimplifiedandmadeuniform.

3）Theweight,measuresandcoinagewerestandardized.

4）Itbuiltanetworkofroads,setstandarddimensionsforthewheel-baseofallcarriagesandcarts.

5）ItbuilttheGreatWall.

3.CulturalAchievementsofHanDynasties

1）Confucianismbecamethemostimportantphilosophy.

2）ImperialAcademy

3）SimaQian:

HistoricalRecords

4）ZhangHeng:

seismograph

5）CaiLun:

paper-making

6）ZhangQian:

expeditiontotheWesternRegions

7）SilkRoad

4.Confucianism:

Definition

1）aschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius

2）asetofmoralandsocialvaluesdesignedtobringwaysofmanandgovernmentinharmonywitheachotherandwiththeuniverse.

5.Confucius’PhilosophyofLife

1）Nobilitywasnotamatterofblood,butofmoralcharacter.

2）Moralitymustbepursuedforitsownsake.

3）Onebeginstheprocessofself-cultivation（修身）firstbylearning（xue学）,thenbyreflection（think思）.

4）propertraininginthescholarlyclassics

5）rigidadherencetotherulesofli（礼propriety）

6.Confucius’PhilosophyofPolitics

1）Helooksforacommunitythatworksbyvirtueandmoralexamplesratherthanpunishmentandrules.

2）Hecallsforthewisesagetobearuler.

3）Hethinkssocialorderisbasedonren（仁）,beginningwithhouseholdancestorworshipandmovingupthehierarchytotheemperor.

7.Confucius’PhilosophyofEducation

1）Educationtarget

thefirstpersontoopenaprivateschooltocommonpeople

2）Coursecontent

morality,properspeech,government,therefinedarts

3）Pedagogicalmethods

Heposesquestions,orusesaptanalogies,andwaitsforhisstudentstoarriveattherightanswers.

4）Educationgoal

tocreatesuperiormen（君子）

8.ThecentraldoctrineofConfucianism:

Ren

Themostimportantmoralqualityonecanpossess

affectionandlove

9.Lihastwomeanings:

Propriety:

asetofmannersorknowledgeofhowtobehaveinagivensituation.

Ritual:

whenlifeisdetailedtoConfuciuslengthsitbecomescompletelyordered.

10.amanofgreatmoralquality

asuperiorman

agentleman

agoodmodelforthepeople

11.“TheDoctrineofMean”

“Goingtotheextremes”istheenemyofthegreatmethodindealingwithproblems.“Toomuch”or“toolittle”hasthesameharminourlife.

Apersonhastobalancewellbetweenoramongseveralsolutions,andtrytomakeallpartiesinvolvedhappy.

Itisnotamake-every–body-happycompromisemethod.Ithasthestrictprinciplesofliandrenasguide.

Thewaytomakeliandrenpresentandoperativeinaperson.

12.HeisthemolderoftheChinesemindandcharacter.

HisthoughtsshapedandmoldedChinesecharacterandnationalsoulanditsfoundingofthecompletesystemknowledge.

HelaiddownthefoundationofChineseeducation.

Heisregardedasthe“GreatandReveredTeacher”（至圣先师）,ateacherofallgenerations（万世师表）.

13.TheDrossofConfuciusandConfucianism

1）Confuciusadvocatedgoverningthestatewithvirtuesbutthehistoricalrealityprovedthatitwasimpossible.Laws,rulesandregulationsarestillneeded.

2）ConfuciuswentagainstthestreamofhistorybyinsistinginrestoringtheritualoftheZhouDynastyintheWarringStates.

3）Confuciuslookeddownuponthelaboringpeopleandwomen.

14.Mencius’TheoryofHumanNature

1）Allmenarebornvirtuous.Theyhavetheinclinationtowardsgoodness,justasnaturehastheinclinationofwatertodownward.

2）Allthesocialcorruptionsandperversionsareduetothedistortionofhumannatureandthefallingawayofman’scharacterfromitsoriginalgoodness.

3）Oncetheindividualhasrecoveredhisoriginalgoodnessandthestatereturnedtothepurityandorderofancienttimes,alltheevilsintheindividualandsocietywillvanish.

15.Mencius’PoliticalThoughts

1）Agovernorexistsforthesakeofthegoverned,togivepeoplepeaceandwealthandleadthembyeducationandexamplesofvirtue.

2）Ifarulerneglectshisresponsibility,orevenmisuseshispowerandoppressedthepeople,thepeoplehavetherighttodiscontinuetheirloyaltytohimorevenriseagainsthim.

16.Confucianism:

Canons

●“FourBooks”四书

1Analects

2Mencius

3TheGreatLearning

4TheMean

●“FiveClassics”五经

1BookofChange

2BookofHistory

3BookofPoetry/Songs

4BookofRites

5SpringandAutumnAnnals

17.Confucianism:

FiveRelationships五伦

1Ruler-minister:

benevolence-loyalty忠

2Father-son:

kindness-filialpiety孝

3Husband-wife:

righteousness-obedience悌

4Elder-youngerbrother:

gentility-humility忍

5Friend-friend:

consideration-deference善

18.Confucianism:

ThreeCardinalGuides三纲

1rulerguidessubject君为臣纲

2fatherguidesson父为子纲

3husbandguideswife夫为妻纲

19.Confucianism:

FiveCardinalVirtues五常

1ren（仁）:

benevolencetoothers—theroot

2yi（义）:

righteousnessbyjustice—thetrunk

3li（礼）:

moralwaysofconduct—thebranches

4zhi（智）:

wisdom—theflower

5xin（信）:

trustworthiness—thefruit

20.Taoism:

definition

aschoolofthoughtfoundedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi.

Itadvocatesthatthe“Tao”道isthecourse,theprinciple,thesubstance,andthestandardofallthings,towhichallpeoplemustconform.

21.Tao（道）

●thewayofperfection

•aforcethatflowsthroughtheentireuniverse

•theultimatesourceandprincipleoforderintheuniverse

◆thenaturalway

◆thehumanway

ØFollowingTaoisfollowingthewayofTaoism.

22.De（德）

●Powerofmorality/good

•Itisthepowerofnaturalness,ofsimplicity,evenofweakness.

•Itteachesofsurvival,ofhowtokeepone’sownintegrityinthetimeofdisorder.

23.Wuwei（无为）

●Wu-wei无为:

nopurposiveaction

•astateofmindaswellasaprincipletowardslife

•animportantpoliticalviewduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.

ØItdoesnotsignifytheabsenceofaction.

•Itmeansquietude,non-aggression,andnon-meddlesomeaction.

•ThegoalisalignmentwithTao,revealingthesoftandinvisiblepowerwithinallthings.

24.Taoism&Confucianism

●TaoismisalmostentirelydifferentfromConfucianism,butnotcontradictory.ThedoctrinesofTaoismandConfucianismcomplementeachother,runningsidebysideliketwopowerfulstreamsthroughChinesethoughtandliterature.

1Contrarytothesolemn,pompousgravityandburdenofsocialresponsibilitiesofConfucianism,Taoismadvocatesacarefreeflightfromtheresponsibilityandconventionaldutiesofsociety.

2TheConfucianismwasconcernedabouthumanandmundaneaffairs,whiletheTaoistsheldoutavisionoftranscendentalworldofspirit.

3TheConfucianstriedtofindthesecretsoflifeinmenandtheirbetterrelationships,whiletheTaoistturnedtonatureforthesecretsoflife.

4Confucianismispracticedbyofficialsandscholarsintheirofficesandstudies,whileTaoismispursuedbythemintheirprivatechambersormountainretreats.

25.TaoistBeliefs

●Toachieveaninnercalm,improvedhealthandgreatmartialpower

•followingthenaturalworld

•pursuingastrictdietandmeditationregimen

•notstrugglingwiththeirlot

26.ThreepillarsofthetraditionalcultureofChina

•Confucianism

•Taoism

•Buddhism

27.BuddhistDoctrines

●ThreeJewels（三宝）

1Buddha（佛）:

thehistoricalBuddha（Sakyamuni）Buddha–theteacher

2Dharma[’dɑ:

mə]（法）:

theteachingsoftheBuddhaDharma–theteachings

3Sangha[sΛΏg]（僧）:

thecommunityofthosewhohaveattainedenlightenmentSangha–thecommunity

●ThreePoints（三法印）

1Theworldisimpermanentandwilleventuallybedestroyed.（诸行无常）

2Everythingintheworldisunreal.（诸法无我）

3Theultimateaimofaperson’slifeiseternaltranquility.（涅槃寂静）

●FourNobelTruths（四圣谛）

1Lifeisinevitablyfullofsorrow.（苦谛）

2Sorrowisduetocraving.（集谛）

3Sorrowcanonlybestoppedbythestoppingofcraving.（灭谛）

4ThewaytoeliminatedesireistofollowtheEightfoldNoblePath.（道谛）

●EightfoldPath（八正道）

TheeightrightwaysfortheArhatleadingtoNirvana.

（1）RightKnowledge（正见）

（2）RightThought（正思维）

（3）RightSpeech（正语）

（4）RightConduct（正业）

（5）RightLivelihood（正命）

（6）RightEffort（正勤）

（7）RightMindfulness（正念）

（8）RightConcentration（正定）

28.EightfoldPath（八正道）

●Rightknowledge（正见）

•UnderstandtheFourNobleTruths.

●RightThought（正思维）

•Decidetosetalifeonthecorrectpath.

●RightSpeech（正语）

•Don’tlie.

•Don’tcriticizeothersunjustly.

•Don’tuseharshlanguage.

•Don’tgossip.

●RightConduct（正业）

•FollowtheFivePrecepts.

●TheFivePrecepts（五戒）

●Donotkill（不杀即仁）

●Donotsteal（不盗即义）

●Donotlie（不妄语即信）

●Donotbeunchaste（不淫即礼）

●Donotingestintoxicants（不饮酒即智）

●RightLivelihood（正命）

•Earnalivingthatdoesn’tharmlivingthings.

●RightEffort（正勤）

•Conquerallevilthoughts.

•Strivetomaintaingoodthoughts.

●RightMindfulness（正念）

•Becomeintenselyawareofallthestatesinbody,feeling,andmind.

●RightMeditation（正定）

•Deepmeditationtoleadtoahigherstateofconsciousness（enlightenment）.

29.BookofSongs/Poetryisananthologyof305poems,folksongs,songsusedbynobles.

30.SevenSagesoftheBambooGrove

•agroupofsevenmenduringtheWe