美国的立政基础制约与平衡机制.docx

美国的立政基础制约与平衡机制.docx

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美国的立政基础制约与平衡机制

ChengduInstituteSichuanInternationalStudiesUniversity

AbstractII

WhatIstheChecksandBalances.III

ThehistoryofthedevelopmentofChecksandBalances.III

1.2.ThedefinitionofChecksandBalances.V

WhatGuaranteedtheUnitedStatestoSelecttheChecksandBalances.VII

2.1Theprofoundlessonsduringthefederaldistributionofpower.VII

TheComplexSocialBackgroundaftertheWarofIndependence.VIII

TheU.S.Politicians’ThinkingontheChecksandBalances.IX

TheReasonWhyAmericaNotChooseAConstitutionalMonarchy.XI

3.TheChecksandBalancesinAmerica.XII

3.1.TheBalancebetweentheGovernmentandthePeople.XII

3.2.TheBalancebetweentheFederalandtheState.XII

3.3.TheChecksandBalancesEmbodyintheLegislativeandExecutivePower.XIII

3.4.JudicialPowerhastheChecksandBalanceswithLegislatureandExecutivePowerdepartments.XIV

4.Conclusion.XVI

ChecksandBalancesIstheBasisofAmericanPolicy

系别：

英语系

专业：

翻译方向

年级：

2010级

Abstract

TheideaofseparationofpowerswasoriginallyproposedbyLockeandMontesquieu.Montesquieuhadsystematicallydescribeditscontent.Hisideologyofseparationofpowershademphasizedthedivisionofpower,andalsostressedonthechecksandbalancesofpower,whichhadaprofoundimpactontheU.Sestablishmentofseparationofpowers.TheChecksandBalancesmechanismintheUnitedStatesisaformofpoliticalorganizationwhichwasestablishedin1787tomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofcapitalismintheUnitedStatesConstitution.Dividingthestatepowerintothreepartsaslegislative,executiveandjudicialpowersisthemaincontentofChecksandBalances.AndeachpartofpowerisrespectivelyexercisedbyCongress,thepresidentandthecourt.Thesethreepowersareindependent,mutuallyrestrainingandbalancingoneachother.TheChecksandBalancesisasynthesisofboththedivisionandcontainmechanismoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.200yearsofAmericanhistoryhasprovedthatChecksandBalancesisthebasisofAmericanpolicy.IthasmaintainedtheU.Ssocialstabilityandpromotedsocialdevelopment.

Keywords:

AmericaChecksandBalancesBasis

WhatIstheChecksandBalances.

ThehistoryofthedevelopmentofChecksandBalances.

Thethinkingofseparationofpowershasalonghistoryinthewest.InancientGreece,Aristotleputforwardtheconceptofamixedsystemofgovernment.Hebelievedthecountryshouldhavetherulesofprocedure,administrativepowerandjudicialpower.Aristotle’sgoalistobalancetheinterestsofallsectorsinsocietyandbutnotliketheseparationofpowersofthevariousdepartmentsofthestate,anditdidnothavethemodernsenseoftheChecksandBalances.ButhisidealaidtheideologicalfoundationforthegenerationofthemodernthinkingofChecksandBalances.

ItwasLockewhowastheBritishbourgeoisthinkerfirstlyputforwardthedecentralizedideologyastheorganizingprincipleofthestate’spoliticalsystem.TheKingenjoyedalltherightsinthatfeudalautocracy.Inthe17thcentury,theEnglishbourgeoisrevolutionbrokeout.ThekingWilliamhadreceivedandsignedtwobills:

TheBillofRightandTheSuccessionOrdinance,andthentheyestablishedtheBritishseparationofpowerswastheprincipleoftheconstitutionalmonarchy.Onthisbasis,Lockeproposedaseriesofpropositions,includingtheseparationoflegislativeandexecutivepower.LegislativepowerbelongedtoCongress,andkinghadtheexecutivepower.Andthelegislativepowerwashigherthanexecutivepower.Locke’smainpurposeistoconsolidatetheresultsofthebourgeoisrevolution.It’sofveryprogressivesignificanceinthattime.

Andtillthetimeoftheseventiesandeightiesof18thcenturyinAmerica.ThroughthediscussionfromThomasJefferson，AlexanderHamiltonandThomasPaine,thedecentralizationasawholepartwhichwasconstantlyimprovedandeventuallyestablishedintheU.SConstitution.Anditgeneratedacleverandsimplesystemwhichprotectedhuman’sfreedom.ThegreatexperimentofformalseparationofpowersobtainedagreatsuccessintheUnitedStates,andthentheChecksandBalancesonlytogettherecognitionoftheworld.

1.2.ThedefinitionofChecksandBalances.

“Freegovernmentbuiltonsuspicionnotontrust.”—byThomasJefferson.[1]Theframerssmartlysetvariousobstaclessothatthepowercannotbeconcentratedinthehandsofanyonepersonoronedepartmenttoavoidabuseorrashness.Thewaytocontrolistoenableeachdepartmenttoplayaroleinothersectors.Theabilitycandelayorevenpreventtheactionsofotherdepartmentsthenenablethemtorestricteachotherandformthebalanceofpowerbetween.

Toguaranteeseparationofpowers,theFoundersbuiltinoverlappingpowerscalledChecksandBalances.Madisonsuggestedthat“thegreatsecurityagainstagradualconcentrationoftheseveralpowersinthesamedepartmentconsistsingivingthosewhoadministereachdepartmentthenecessaryconstitutionalmeansandpersonalmotivestoresistencroachmentsbytheothers.Ambitionmustbemadetocounteractambition.”[2]Tothatend,eachbranchwasgivensomeauthorityovertheothers.Ifonebranchabuseditspower,theothercouldusetheircheckstothwartit.

Withfederalism,separationofpowers,andchecksandbalances,theFoundersexpectedconflict.Theyinvitedthepartsofgovernmenttostruggleagainsteachotherinordertolimiteachother’sabilitytodominateall.Atthesametime,theFoundershopedfor”balancedgovernment.”Thenationalandstategovernmentswouldrepresentdifferentinterests.TheHousewouldrepresentthe“common”peopleandthelargestates;theSenate,thewealthypeopleandthesmallstates;thepresident,allthepeople;andtheSupremeCourt,theConstitution.Thepartsofgovernmentwouldhavetocompromisetogetanythingaccomplished.Althougheachpartwouldstruggleformorepower,itcouldnotaccumulateenoughtodominatetheothers.Eventually,itsleaderswouldhavetocompromiseandadoptpoliciesintheinterestofallofthepartsandtheirconstituencies.Paradoxically,then,theFoundersexpectednarrowconflicttoproducebroaderharmony.

WhatGuaranteedtheUnitedStatestoSelecttheChecksandBalances.

2.1Theprofoundlessonsduringthefederaldistributionofpower.

IntheWarofIndependence,the13statesinNorthAmericaformedaloosecombinationonthebasisoftheFederalTreatyin1777.AndthisisthefederalperiodbeforetheUnitedStatesestablishment.ThecompositionoffederalstatesseparatedthepowerswiththethinkingofseparationofpowersfromMontesquieu.ButonbasedonthefearofadministrativetyrannyofBritishcolonialrule,eachstateempoweredthemainpowerofgovernmentonthelegislature,andmadethelegislativepower,administrativepowerandjudicialpowerwereextremelylopsided.Itdidmutualrestraint,butresultingtheabuseofrightsinthelegislaturewithoutscruple.Thenpeoplerealizedtheconcentrationofpoweronthelegislatureremainedabuseofrightandcannoteliminatetheauthoritarian.RightsdivisioninthefederalperiodcanberegardedasanattemptoftheUnitedStatestoestablishChecksandBalances.

TheComplexSocialBackgroundaftertheWarofIndependence.

AftertheWarofIndependence,whereandhowtheformof13stateswhichjoinedinthefederalcriminaltimewouldgo?

ThisisthefirstproblemthatthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStatesshouldsolve.Atthatsociety,ethnicconflictshadbeenresolved.TheinternalcontradictionoftheU.Shighlighted.Itshowedonthefiercestrugglebetweendifferentclassesanddifferentinterestgroups,especiallyontheissueofestablishingwhatkindofgovernment.Finallythebourgeoisiethathadabundantstrengthgainthevictory.Thefederalgovernmentexistedonlyinnameonthebrinkofthecollapseofstateswhichmaintainedthestatesstartingfromtheinterestsofrulingclique.The13statescombatedeachotherandstruggledwiththeCommonwealthHeadsinunion.Congresshadbecomeadeaderodedagency.Lookatthesituationfromabroad,theBritish-ledforeignpowerswereassaultingontheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.Underthiscomplexformofsociety,ononehandeachstatetriedtosafeguardtheinterestsoftherulingcliquesothattheoriginalfederalgovernmentlivedonlyinname;ontheotherhand,thestatesalsorealizedit’snecessarytoformaunifiedstatepowertomaintainthesurvivalofemergingsovereignstate.

TheU.S.constitutionalfoundingmembersbeganfurthersystematizingandAmericanizingthetheoryofMontesquieu,andestablishedtheprincipleofChecksandBalances.TheUnitedStatesmustestablishaunifiedstrongstatepowerbutcannotahighlytotalitariangovernment.Thissituationreflectednotonlytheconstraintsoffederalism—therestraintfromlocalauthoritytothecentralauthority,butalsoreflectedintheauthoritywhichsettheseparationofpowers.Thatisjudicial,legislativeandexecutivepower,containingeachother,whichmadethevariousgrouphavefelttheconstrainttoothersandtheprotectionoftheirinterests.Basedontheneedatthattime,the13statesurgentlyneedtobeintheformofanappropriatecombinationtosolveinternalandexternalproblem.ChecksandBalanceswasthebestchoicefortheframers.

TheU.S.Politicians’ThinkingontheChecksandBalances.

ThethinkersandpoliticiansinthetimeofestablishmentoftheAmericanWarofIndependenceandthefederalperiod,ThomasJeffersonandAlexanderHamiltonandotherpeoplebegantheblueprintfortheChecksandBalancesoftheUnitedStatesinthefuture.JeffersoninheritedthethinkingofseparationofpowersofMontesquieu.Headvocatedth