银行家感知不良贷款的成因在银行外文翻译.docx
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银行家感知不良贷款的成因在银行外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
Bankers’PerceptionsonCausesofBadLoansinBanks
MaterialSource:
IIMTAuthor:
GunjanM.Sanjeev
Amajorproblembeingobservedallovertheworldinthebankingsectoristheproblemofbadloans.Thefirststepofbuildingastableandstrongfinancialsystemistominimizethenon-performingloans.AspertheofficialfiguresofIMF(2001),thebaddebtsasaproportionoftotalloansis2.5%forUS,5.4%forKorea,12.5%forIndia,19.3forMalaysia,25%forChinaand45%forThailand.Thenon-performingloanshavebeenamatterofconcernforallthenationsacrosstheglobe.
ReserveBankofIndia(RBI)definesNPAas:
Anasset,includingaleasedasset,becomesnon-performingwhenitceasestogenerateincomeforthebank.A‘nonperformingasset’(NPA)isdefinedasacreditfacilityinrespectofwhichtheinterestand/orinstallmentofprincipalhasremained‘pastdue’foraspecifiedperiodoftime(90days,March31,2004onwards).
Ithasbeenobservedthatthefailingbankshaveoftenshownalevelofbadloans.Anumberofresearcheshaveindicatedthatsuchailingbanksareinnowaynearthebestpracticefrontier(Barretal.1994;Bergeretal.1997).Someresearcheshaveclearlyindicatedanegativeimpactofbadloansontheefficienciesofthebanks(Resti,1995).“Increaseinnonperformingloanstendtobefollowedbydecreaseinmeasuredcostefficiency,suggestingthathighlevelsofproblemloanscausebankstoincreasespendingonmonitoring,workingout,and/orsellingofftheseloans,andpossiblybecomemorediligentinadministeringtheportionoftheirexistingloanportfoliothatiscurrentlyperforming”(Berger,etal.1997).
Thenon-performingloanshavebeenfoundtobeinfluencedbybothendogenousandexogenousfactorstothebank.Thusitbecomesimportanttostudyandidentifythekeyfactorsthatcontributetolargelevelsofbadloansinbanksacrossthecountries.Inrecenttimes,toughinitiativessuchastheSecuritizationActcoupledwithotherinitiativessuchastheCorporateDebtRestructuring(CDR)mechanismhavebeentakenupbythepolicymakers.These,too,arenotfreefrombottlenecks.Further,theyareapostreactivemechanismtohandleloansthathavealreadygonebad.ThusitisimperativetodeterminewhatcausestheNPAssothatbankersandpolicymakerscanadoptapro-activeapproach.
Methodology
ObjectivesoftheStudy
Theobjectivesofthestudyaretoidentifytheendogenous(internal)andexogenous(external)factors,whicharecontributingtotherisinglevelsofbadloansinthebankingsector.
Definitions
Endogenous(Internal)factorsaredefinedtobethosefactorsthatareunderthecontrolofthebank.Thetermsendogenousandinternalhavebeenusedinterchangeablylaterinthepaper.Theinternalfactorshavebeenbroadlyclassifiedtoberelatedtoeitherthe“appraisal”mechanismorthe“monitoringandcontrollingmechanism”.
Appraisalmechanismreferstotheevaluationoftheloanapplicationsoastojudgewhetheranapplicantshouldbegrantedaloanornot.
MonitoringandControllingmechanismreferstothepostloandisbursalactivitiesofthebankmanagersthatcontributetotimelypaymentofinterest/
principalrepaymentbytheborrower.
Exogenous(External)factorsaredefinedtobethosethatarebeyondthecontrolofthebank.
ThefactorsbeingconsideredarelistedinTable1andTable2.
DataCollectionTools
Mostofthestudiescarriedoutinthesphereofbadloanshavebeenbasedonthesecondarydata.ThisstudyhasusedprimarydatafromcommercialbanksoperatinginIndia.Thedatacollectiontoolisastructuredquestionnaire,whichhasbeendesignedonthebasisofsemi-structuredinterviewswithafewcreditmanagers.Thespecializednatureofdesiredinformationmeantthatparticipantshadtobecreditmanagerswhowereknowledgeableabouttheresearchtopic.
Theparametersareinternalandexternalfactors,whichhavebeencarefullyidentified.
Sampling
Thesampleconsistsof37respondentsfromtheIndiancommercialbanks.Thesampleincludesrepresentationfrompublic,privateandforeignbanks.Bankswerechosenusingrandomsamplingandthebrancheswerechosenusingpurposivesampling.
Thequestionnaireswerefilledupinfrontoftheresearcher.Therespondentswereaskedtoratethelevelofinfluenceofthevariousfactorsgiveninthequestionnairesona5-pointscalewhere“0”referstonil,“1”referstolow,“2”refersto
medium,“3”referstohighand“4”referstoveryhigh.
FormulationofHypotheses
Firstly,internalfactorsareconsideredasagroup.Then,theinternalfactorsrelatedto“appraisal”and“monitoringandcontrol”aretakenseparatelysothatitcanbeseenthatwhichoutofthetwocategoriesneedshigherattention.Similarly,the
impactofexternalfactorsonthewholeisinvestigated.Subsequently,ahypothesisis
formulatedforeachoftheinternalandexternalfactorstoidentifythemostcriticalone