学术英语写作ppt-课件.ppt

学术英语写作ppt-课件.ppt

《学术英语写作ppt-课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《学术英语写作ppt-课件.ppt（55页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

Unit6HowtoWritetheIntroduction1TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills421.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?

Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper32.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?

3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?

4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?

5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?

6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?

4TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5nTheauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.nPleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedtoandterminologyfor6Introduction1.Polylactide（PLA）hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.45.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.77.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber（PI）.10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.SampleAnalysisSampleAnalysis7nInsentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.nInsentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.nInsentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.nInsentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8nInsentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.nInsentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.nInsentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.nInsentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.nInsentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.nInsentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper（sentences1-4）（sentences5-6）（sentence7）（sentences8-10）10Background1.Polylactide（PLA）hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer.2.PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.,ithasbeenfoundtobetoounderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11LiteratureReview5.Onewaytopolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.,Penneyetal.thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12UnresolvedQuestion7.,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13ThePresentPaper8.presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthenthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsPLAandahydro-carbonrubber（PI）.10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI.Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information（possiblyfromresearch）.Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.1819The“Funnel-Shaped”structurenYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.nNextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.nThenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.nFinallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20nMostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Specialcase:

IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersnSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.221.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward（optional）analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings23GrammarandWritingSkillsnTensenPassive/activevoice24nThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.nS1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.25nThePresentPerfectisusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentstudy.nS2.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint.26nThePastSimpleisusedtoreviewindividualresearch.nAttheendoftheIntroduction,thePresentSimpleisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper.nAgeneralconvention（butnotrule）isthatthePastSimpleisusedtopresentfindings.27Passive/ActivevoicenIntheIntroductionyouusuallysaywhatyouwillbedoingorpresentingintheresearcharticle.Youcanusewetorefertoyourresearchgrouporteam,butdonotuseittorefertopeopleorhumanityingeneral.Ifyouarereferringtopeopleingeneral,itsbettertouseaconstructionwithIt（Itisknown/thoughtthat）ratherthanWeknow/thinkthatnYoucanusewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork.28ReviewoftheLiterature1.WhatkeyskillsareneededwhenwritingaReviewoftheLiterature?

nThekeyskillistoprovidereaderswithjusttherightamountofliteratureregardingthesequenceofeventsleadinguptothecurrentsituationnottoomuchtomakeittedious,nortoolittlesothatthecontextofyourresearchisnotmeaningfultothem.29nTheamountofdetailyouneedtogivevariesimmenselyfromdisciplinetodiscipline.Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.Inotherdisciplinesjustoneparagraphmaybeenough.30n2.Whatarethetwomainreferencesystems?

Listtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.31NameandYearSystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichareferenceiscitedinthetextbythelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublication,e.g.,Smith（1990）.32nName-yearsystemnAdvantages:

n1）Becausethereferencesareunnumbered,referencescanbeaddedordeletedeasily.n2）Readersfamiliarwithafieldcanrecognizetheauthorsofacitationwithouthavingtorefertothereferencelist.n3）Ithelpsreadersidentifywhetherthesourcesofthecitationareoutdatedornot.33nDisadvantages1）Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.2）Thereferencestakeupspaceinthemainbodyofthetextanddistractreaders,especiallywhenmanyworksarecitedtogether.34.Citation-order/Citation-sequenceSystemnAsystemofreferencinginwhichreferencesarecitedinnumericalorderastheyappearinthetext.Thus,theReferencessectionisincitationorder,notinalphabeticalorder.35Advantages:

1）Itisconvenientforreaderstorefertothereferences.2）Citationbynumbersinterruptonlyslightlythereadingoftext.3）Thissystemalsoreducesprintingexpenses.36nDisadvantages:

n1）Readersusuallyhavetoturntothereferencelisttofindoutwhoseworkisbeingcited.n2）Whenauthors