学术英语写作ppt-课件.ppt

1、Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction1 Teaching ProceduresLead-in 1Sample Analysis 2Building a Model3Grammar and Writing Skills421.What information should be contained in the Introduction?Lead-in Background Literature Review Unresolved Question The Present Paper3 2.What is the purpose of writing the

2、Introduction?3.How does the Introduction differ from the Abstract?4.How do writers normally start the Introduction?5.What type of information should be included in the Introduction,and in what order?6.How do writers normally end the Introduction?4 Typical complaints of referees The Introduction occu

3、pies too high a proportion of the entire paper and contains too many general statements that are widely known.The rational and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized-it is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why they chose their

4、 particular methodology.Much of the initial part is essentially a cut and paste from the Abstract.5nThe author has not related the background information to the objective of the paper.nPlease remember that the paper may be read by inexperienced Ph.D.students or others starting their work in your spe

5、cific field.Hence,please add an explanation or at least a reference when mentioning notions related to and terminology for6Introduction 1.Polylactide(PLA)has received much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties,which offer important economic benefits.2.PLA is a polymer obtaine

6、d from corn and is produced by the polymerization of lactide.3.It has many possible uses in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4.However,it has been found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4 5.One way to toughen polymers is to

7、 incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA.6.For example,Penney et al.showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently,Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7 7.Howev

8、er,although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.8.The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component.9.On

9、 the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydrocarbon rubber(PI).10.This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility.Sample Anal

10、ysisSample Analysis 7nIn sentence 1 the writer establishes the importance of this research topic.nIn sentence 2 the writer provides general background information.nIn sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2,but in a more specific/detailed way.nIn sentence 4 the writer describes the

11、 general problem area or the current research focus of the field.8nIn sentence 5 the writer provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review.nIn sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.nIn sentence 7 the writer describes a

12、 gap in the research.nIn sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself.nIn sentence 9 the writer gives details about the methodology reported in the paper.nIn sentence 10 the writer announces the findings.9BackgroundLiterature ReviewUnresolved QuestionThe Present Paper(sentences 1-4)(sentences 5-

13、6)(sentence 7)(sentences 8-10)10 Background 1.Polylactide(PLA)has received in recent years due to its biodegradable properties,which offer .2.PLA a polymer obtained from corn and produced by the polymerization of lactide.3.It has in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential e

14、ngineering material.2,3 4.,it has been found to be too under impact to be used commercially.4 important economic benefitsmuch attentionHoweverweakisismany possible uses11Literature Review 5.One way to polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been regarding the rubber mod

15、ification of PLA.6.,Penney et al.that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently,Hillier the toughness of such composites.7 toughenextensiveresearchFor exampleshowedestablished12Unresolved Question 7.,although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical pr

16、operties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.Howeverlittle attention has been paid13The Present Paper 8.presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component.9.On the basis of these criteria it then the preparation of a s

17、et of polymer blends PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber(PI).10.This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations polymer in which the incorporation of PI .The present paper describesusingformed a novelsignificantly increasedflexibility14 Building a ModelBackgroundEstablish the importance o

18、f the field.Provide background facts/information(possibly from research).Present the problem area/current research focus.15Literature ReviewReview previous or current research.16UnresolvedQuestionLocate a gap in the research.Describe the problem to be addressed.Present a hypothesis to be tested.17Th

19、e PresentPaperIntroduce the purpose of the research.Introduce the approaches or the main procedures.Present the major findings.State the significance of the research.Outline the structure of the paper.1819 The“Funnel-Shaped”structurenYou may begin with information on the importance of the overall to

20、pic being addressed.nNext summarize knowledge about an aspect of the topic.nThen identify an unresolved question about that aspect.nFinally say how the current research addressed the question.20nMost research papers in basic science are investigative.That is,they are based on specific research quest

21、ions you try to answer or on a particular hypothesis you try to test.Introductions for these papers should contain the four elements.21Special case:Introductions for Descriptive PapersnSome research papers are not written to answer specific questions or prove a hypothesis but rather to describe a ne

22、w finding.Introductions for these papers follow a slightly different“funnel”structure because elements that readers expect to find in the Introduction of a descriptive paper differ from those of an investigative paper.221.Background background information and previous research in the area2.Discovery

23、 statement new discovery made by your research3.Experimental approach approach taken toward (optional)analyzing this discovery4.Description description of the new element5.Implication importance of the findings 23 Grammar and Writing SkillsnTense nPassive/active voice24nThe Present Simple is general

24、ly used to describe the general background context,i.e.what is known already.nS1.The physical process of fragmentation is relevant to several areas of science and technology.25nThe Present Perfect is used to show how the problem has been approached from the past until the present study.nS2.Because d

25、ifferent physical phenomena are at work during the fragmentation of a solid body,it has mainly been studied from a statistical viewpoint.26nThe Past Simple is used to review individual research.nAt the end of the Introduction,the Present Simple is used again when the authors state what they will do

26、in the rest of their paper.nA general convention(but not rule)is that the Past Simple is used to present findings.27Passive/Active voicenIn the Introduction you usually say what you will be doing or presenting in the research article.You can use we to refer to your research group or team,but do not

27、use it to refer to people or humanity in general.If you are referring to people in general,its better to use a construction with It(It is known/thought that)rather than We know/think thatnYou can use words like here and in this study to let your reader know when you are referring to your own work.28

28、 Review of the Literature1.What key skills are needed when writing a Review of the Literature?nThe key skill is to provide readers with just the right amount of literature regarding the sequence of events leading up to the current situation not too much to make it tedious,nor too little so that the

29、context of your research is not meaningful to them.29nThe amount of detail you need to give varies immensely from discipline to discipline.In some disciplines you may be required to have a very strong theoretical framework for your study,thus requiring two or more pages.In other disciplines just one

30、 paragraph may be enough.30n2.What are the two main reference systems?List their advantages and disadvantages.31 Name and Year System A system of referencing in which a reference is cited in the text by the last name of the author and the year of publication,e.g.,Smith(1990).32nName-year system nAdv

31、antages:n1)Because the references are unnumbered,references can be added or deleted easily.n2)Readers familiar with a field can recognize the authors of a citation without having to refer to the reference list.n3)It helps readers identify whether the sources of the citation are outdated or not.33nDi

32、sadvantages 1)It may increase printing expenses.2)The references take up space in the main body of the text and distract readers,especially when many works are cited together.34.Citation-order/Citation-sequence SystemnA system of referencing in which references are cited in numerical order as they a

33、ppear in the text.Thus,the References section is in citation order,not in alphabetical order.35 Advantages:1)It is convenient for readers to refer to the references.2)Citation by numbers interrupt only slightly the reading of text.3)This system also reduces printing expenses.36nDisadvantages:n1)Readers usually have to turn to the reference list to find out whose work is being cited.n2)When authors