工程硕士阅读理解带答案.docx

工程硕士阅读理解带答案.docx

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工程硕士阅读理解带答案

Passage1

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot，orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.Thecontroversyisoftenreferredtoas“nature/nurture”.

Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors.Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything，todowithourabilitiesandcharacteristics,andbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme，thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchadegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalled,behaviorists，claimedthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehaviorists’viewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.

Neitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.Infact,itisquitelikelythatthekeytoourbehaviorliessomewherebetweenthesetwoextremes.Thatthecontroversywillcontinueforalongtimeiscertain.

1.Thesupportersofthe“nature”theorywouldmostprobablyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements？

A）Biologicalfactorshaveastronginfluenceonourbehavior.

B）Environmentdeterminesone’spersonality.

C）Aperson’sbehaviorislittleaffectedbyhisinstinct.

D）Thebehavioristshavesoundreasoninexplainingourbehavior.

2.Theproponentsofthe“nurture”theorywouldagreethat________.

A）thebehaviorists’viewisnotcorrect

B）one’senvironmenthasgreatinfluenceonhischaracter

C）environmenthaslittletodowithone’sbehavior

D）geneticfactorsaffectourpersonality

3.B.F.Skinner___________.

A）believesthatenvironmentisimportantindecidingone’scharacter

B）believesthatgeneticfactorsdetermineone’spersonality

C）agreeswiththe“nature”theory

D）thinksthatinstinctspredetermineone’saction

4.Fromthepassage,wecanconcludethatthewriter____________.

A）supportsthe“nurture”theory

B）supportsthe“nature”theory

C）doesn’tagreewitheither“nature”theoryor“nurture”theory

D）believesthatthecorrectexplanationwilltakeideasfromboththeories

5.Thewriterofthepassagebelievesthat____________.

A）“nature”theorywilldefeat“nurture”theory

B）“nurture”theorywillprevailover“nature”theory

C）thecontroversybetweenthetwotheorieswillremainforalongperiod

D）anewtheorywillbeputforward

Passage2

Opinionpollsurveysshowthatthepublicseescientistsinaratherunflatteringlight.

Commonly,thescientistisalsoseenasbeingmale.Itistruethatmostscientistsaremale.Butthepictureofscienceasamaleactivitymaybeamajorreasonwhyfewergirlsthanboysoptforscience,exceptwhenitcomestobiology，whichisseenas“female”.

Theimagemostpeoplehaveofscienceandscientistscomesfromtheirownexperienceofschoolscience,andfromthemassmedia.Scienceteachersthemselvesseeitasaproblemthatsomanyschoolpupilsfindschoolscienceanunsatisfyingexperience,thoughoverthelastfewyearsmoreandmorepupils,includinggirls,haveoptedforsciencesubject.

Inspiteofexcellentdocumentaries,andsomegoodpopularsciencemagazines,scientificstoriesinthemediastillusuallyalternatebetweenmiracleandscientificthreat.Thepopularstereotypeofscienceislikethemagicoffairytales:

ithaspotentialforenormousgoodorawfulharm.Popularfictionisfullof“good”scientistssavingtheworld，and“mad”scientiststryingtodestroyit.

Fromallthemanyscientificstorieswhichmightbegivenmediatreatment,thosewhicharechosenareusuallythosewhichcanbeframedintermsoftheusualnewsangles:

novelty,threat,conflictorthebizarre.Theroutineandoftentediousworkofthescientistslipsfromview,tobereplacedwithapictureofscientistsforeveroffendingpublicmoralsensibilities（asinembryoresearch）,threateningpublichealth（asinweaponsresearch）,orfightingitoutwitheachother（ingivingevidenceatpublicinquiriessuchasthoseheldontheissuesconnectedwithnuclearpower）.

Themassmediaalsotendtoover-personalizescientificwork,depictingitastheproductofindividualgenius,whileneglectingthesocialorganizationwhichmakesscientificworkpossible.Afurthereffectofthisisthatsciencecomestobeseenasathinginitself:

akindofunpredictableforce;atideofscientificprogress.Itisnosuchthing,ofcourse.Scienceiswhatscientistsdo;whattheydoiswhataparticularkindofsocietyfacilitates,andwhatisdonewiththeirworkdependsverymuchonwhohasthepowertoturntheirdiscoveriesintotechnology,andwhattheirinterestsare.

6.Accordingtothepassage,ordinarypeoplehaveapooropinionofscienceandscientistsbecause________.

A）scientistsareshownnegativelyinthemedia

B）opinionpollsareunflattering

C）scienceisbadlytaughtinschools

D）scienceisconsideredtobedangerous

7.Fewergirlsthanboysstudysciencebecause________.

A）scienceisseenasaman’sjob

B）theyareoftenunsuccessfulinscienceatschool

C）theythinkthatscienceistoodifficult

D）scienceisconsideredtobedangerous

8.Mediatreatmentofsciencetendstoconcentrateon_________.

A）theroutine,everydayworkofscientists

B）discoveriesthatthepublicwillunderstand

C）themoresensationalaspectsofscience

D）thesatisfactionsofscientificwork

9.Accordingtotheauthor,over-personalizationofscientificworkwillleadscienceinto___________.

A）isolationfromtherestoftheworld

B）improvementsonschoolsystem

C）associationwith“femaleness”

D）troubleinrecruitingyoungtalent

10.Accordingtotheauthor,scientificworkisstimulatedby_________.

A）ambition

B）socialdemands

C）technologicalproblems

D）internalpressures

Passage3

Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer’sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.

Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople’simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienatedbyayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson’seducation,background,orinterests.

Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits,includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollegestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover，manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewayweleftaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation，suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.

Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming---shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon’tgetajob.”

11.Accordingtothepassage,thewaywedress_________.

A）providescluesforpeoplewhoarecriticalofus

B）indicatesourlikesanddislikesinchoosingacareer

C）hasadirectinfluenceonthewaypeopleregardus

D）isofparticularimportancewhenwegetoninage

12.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan_________.

A）changepeople’sconservativeattitudestowardtheirlifestyle

B）helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesex

C）makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarket

D）helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationships

13.Theword“precedent”（Para.4,Line1）probablyrefersto__________.

A）earlyactsformentofollowasexamples

B）particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportance

C）thingsthatmenshouldagreeupon

D）men’sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided

14.Accordingtothepassage,manycareerwomen