工程硕士阅读理解带答案.docx

1、工程硕士阅读理解带答案Passage 1People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these

2、types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a

3、 great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as “nature/nurture”. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment h

4、as little, if anything，to do with our abilities and characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or a

5、s they are often called, behaviorists，claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the

6、 human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extr

7、emes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.1.The supporters of the “nature” theory would most probably agree with which of the following statements？A) Biological factors have a strong influence on our behavior. B）Environment determines ones personality.C）A persons behavior i

8、s little affected by his instinct.D）The behaviorists have sound reason in explaining our behavior. 2. The proponents of the “nurture” theory would agree that _.A）the behaviorists view is not correctB）ones environment has great influence on his characterC）environment has little to do with ones behavi

9、orD）genetic factors affect our personality3. B. F. Skinner _. A）believes that environment is important in deciding ones characterB）believes that genetic factors determine ones personalityC）agrees with the“nature”theoryD）thinks that instincts predetermine ones action4. From the passage, we can conclu

10、de that the writer _.A）supports the “nurture” theoryB）supports the “nature” theoryC）doesnt agree with either“nature”theory or “nurture” theoryD）believes that the correct explanation will take ideas from both theories5. The writer of the passage believes that _.A）“nature” theory will defeat “nurture”

11、 theoryB）“nurture” theory will prevail over “nature” theoryC）the controversy between the two theories will remain for a long periodD）a new theory will be put forwardPassage 2 Opinion poll surveys show that the public see scientists in a rather unflattering light. Commonly, the scientist is also seen

12、 as being male. It is true that most scientists are male. But the picture of science as a male activity may be a major reason why fewer girls than boys opt for science, except when it comes to biology，which is seen as “female”. The image most people have of science and scientists comes from their ow

13、n experience of school science, and from the mass media. Science teachers themselves see it as a problem that so many school pupils find school science an unsatisfying experience, though over the last few years more and more pupils, including girls, have opted for science subject. In spite of excell

14、ent documentaries, and some good popular science magazines, scientific stories in the media still usually alternate between miracle and scientific threat. The popular stereotype of science is like the magic of fairy tales: it has potential for enormous good or awful harm. Popular fiction is full of

15、“good” scientists saving the world，and “mad” scientists trying to destroy it. From all the many scientific stories which might be given media treatment, those which are chosen are usually those which can be framed in terms of the usual news angles: novelty, threat, conflict or the bizarre. The routi

16、ne and often tedious work of the scientists lips from view, to be replaced with a picture of scientists forever offending public moral sensibilities (as in embryo research), threatening public health (as in weapons research), or fighting it out with each other (in giving evidence at public inquiries

17、 such as those held on the issues connected with nuclear power). The mass media also tend to over-personalize scientific work, depicting it as the product of individual genius, while neglecting the social organization which makes scientific work possible. A further effect of this is that science com

18、es to be seen as a thing in itself: a kind of unpredictable force; a tide of scientific progress. It is no such thing, of course. Science is what scientists do; what they do is what a particular kind of society facilitates, and what is done with their work depends very much on who has the power to t

19、urn their discoveries into technology, and what their interests are.6. According to the passage, ordinary people have a poor opinion of science and scientists because _.A）scientists are shown negatively in the mediaB）opinion polls are unflatteringC）science is badly taught in schoolsD）science is cons

20、idered to be dangerous7. Fewer girls than boys study science because _.A）science is seen as a mans jobB）they are often unsuccessful in science at schoolC）they think that science is too difficultD）science is considered to be dangerous8. Media treatment of science tends to concentrate on _.A）the routi

21、ne, everyday work of scientists B）discoveries that the public will understandC）the more sensational aspects of scienceD）the satisfactions of scientific work9. According to the author, over-personalization of scientific work will lead science into _.A）isolation from the rest of the worldB）improvement

22、s on school systemC）association with “femaleness”D）trouble in recruiting young talent10. According to the author, scientific work is stimulated by _.A）ambitionB）social demandsC）technological problemsD）internal pressuresPassage 3Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing cl

23、ues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearers background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook. Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them to manipulate peoples impression of us. Our

24、appearance assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the persons education, background, or interests. People tend to ag

25、ree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits, including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more

26、 convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover，many of us can relate in

27、stances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we left about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation，such as a job interview, or a court appearance. In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and

28、 role models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of “masculine” and “feminine” attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also

29、been greater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the women display less “feminine” grooming - shorter hair, moderate use of make-up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, “An attractive woman is

30、 definitely going to get a longer interview, but she wont get a job.”11. According to the passage, the way we dress _.A）provides clues for people who are critical of usB）indicates our likes and dislikes in choosing a careerC）has a direct influence on the way people regard usD）is of particular import

31、ance when we get on in age12. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults tend to believe that certain types of clothing can _.A）change peoples conservative attitudes toward their lifestyleB）help young people make friends with the opposite sexC）make them competitive in

32、 the job marketD）help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships13. The word “precedent” (Para.4, Line1) probably refers to_.A）early acts for men to follow as examplesB）particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importanceC）things that men should agree uponD）mens beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided14. According to the passage, many career women