Spatial distribution pattern analysis of groundwater nitrate nitrogen pollution in Shandong intensiv.docx

Spatial distribution pattern analysis of groundwater nitrate nitrogen pollution in Shandong intensiv.docx

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SpatialdistributionpatternanalysisofgroundwaternitratenitrogenpollutioninShandongintensiv

Researchmethodologyandaims

3.China’srenewableenergypromotionprograms

4.REDPbackgroundandorganization

4.1.Photovoltaic（PV）component

4.2.Windcomponent

4.3.Technologyimprovementcomponent

5.Researchfindings

5.1.PVcompanies

5.2.SHSretailers

5.3.SHSend-users

6.Lessonslearned

6.1.Creditaccess

6.2.EffectsofSHSownershiponpoverty

6.3.After-salesservice

6.4.SHSasatransitiontechnology

6.5.Focusonwhole-cyclequalityimprovement

7.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

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Highlights

►WithWorldBanksupport,morethan400,000photovoltaicsolarhomesystemsweresoldinnorthwesternChinaundertheRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProject（REDP）.►REDP’ssuccessislikelyattributedtoitssynergisticobjectivesofimprovingPVproductqualityandenhancingPVcompanies’marketingcapacities.►Wefindthatafter-salesservicenetworksremainweakandbelievethatprojectdesignersshouldincorporatebetteroutreachprogramstoreinforcesystemmaintenancepractices.

162

QuantitativeappraisalandpotentialanalysisforprimarybiomassresourcesforenergyutilizationinChina  ReviewArticle

RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews,Volume14,Issue9,December2010,Pages3050-3058

YangYanli,ZhangPeidong,ZhangWenlong,TianYongsheng,ZhengYonghong,WangLisheng

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AbstractAbstract|Figures/TablesFigures/Tables|ReferencesReferences

Abstract

Asthelargestagriculturalcountry,Chinahasabundantbiomassresources,butthedistributionisscatteredanddifficulttocollect.ItisessentialtoestimatethebiomassresourceanditspotentialforbioenergyutilizationinChina.Inthisstudy,theamountofmainbiomassresourcesforpossibleenergyuseandtheirenergyutilizationpotentialinChinaareanalyzedbasedonstatisticaldata.Theresultsshowedthatthebiomassresourceforpossibleenergyuseamountedto8.87 × 108 tcein2007ofwhichthecropsstrawis1.42 × 108 tce,theforestbiomassis2.85 × 108 tce,thepoultryandlivestockmanureis4.40 × 107 tce,themunicipalsolidwasteis1.35 × 106 tce,andtheorganicwastewateris6.46 × 106 tce.Throughtheinformationbythematicmap,itisindicatedthat,exceptarctic-alpineareasanddeserts,thebiomassresourceforpossibleenergyusewaspresentedarelativelyaveragedistributioninChina,butlargegapwasexistedindifferentregionsintheconcentrationofbiomassresources,withthecharacteristicsofEastdenseandWestsparse.Itisindicatedthattheenergytransformationefficiencyofbiomasscompressingandshaping,biomassanaerobicfermentationandbiomassgasificationforheatinghavehigherconversionefficiency.Ifallofthebiomassresourcesforpossibleenergyuseareutilizedbythesethreeformsrespectively,7.66 × 1012 tofbiomassbriquettesfuel,1.98 × 1012 m3oflowcalorificvaluegasand3.84 × 1011 m3ofbiogascouldbeproduced,3.65 × 108 tto4.90 × 108 tofcoalconsumptioncouldbesubstituted,and6.12 × 108 tto7.53 × 108 tofCO2emissionscouldbereduced.Withtheenormousenergyutilizationpotentialofbiomassresourcesandtheprominentbenefitofenergysavingandemissionreduction,itprovesaneffectivewaytoadjusttheenergyconsumptionstructure,toalleviatetheenergycrisis,toensurethenationalenergysecurityandtomitigatetheglobalwarmingtrend.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Appraiseindexandmethodology

2.1.Appraiseindex

2.2.Methodology

2.2.1.Potentialestimationofenergyutilization

2.2.2.Greenhouseemissionsestimation

2.3.Datasource

3.GeographicdistributionsandavailableamountofbiomassresourcesinChina

3.1.Cropsstraw

3.2.Forestbiomass

3.3.Poultryandlivestockmanure

3.4.Municipalsolidwaste

3.5.Organicwastewater

3.6.TotalamountofbiomassresourcesinChina

4.PotentialestimationofbiomassresourceenergyutilizationinChina

5.Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

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163

CharacteristicsofchromophoricdissolvedorganicmatterinthenearshorewatersofthewesternTaiwanStrait  OriginalResearchArticle

Estuarine,CoastalandShelfScience,Volume88,Issue3,10July2010,Pages350-356

CuifenDu,ShaolingShang,QiangDong,ChuanminHu,JingyuWu

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Abstract

Absorptionandfluorescenceofchromophoricdissolvedorganicmatter（CDOM）inthenearshorewatersofthewesternTaiwanStraitwereexaminedinAprilandOctoberof2008.CDOMabsorptioncoefficientat412 nm（ag（412）inm−1）showedaninversedlinearrelationshipwithsalinity,indicatingconservativemixingbetweenfreshwaterandseawater,althoughtherelationshipchangedwithseasonsandlocations.Onaverage,exceptinthevicinityoftwomajorrivers（MinjiangRiverandJiulongjiangRiver）,ag（412）washigherinOctober（dryseason）（0.173 ± 0.036 m−1）thaninApril（wetseason）（0.123 ± 0.059 m−1）.ThisobservationiscounterintuitivebutconsistentwiththosederivedfromMODISsatellitemeasurements.CombinedwiththeCDOMEEMspectra（fluorescenceexcitation–emissionmatrix）,theresultssuggestthat1）MinjiangRiverandJiulongjiangRiverweretheprimaryland-basedCDOMsources;2）Themarineend-memberswerecontrolledbytheSouthChinaSeaWarmCurrentinAprilandtheZhe-MinCoastalWaterinOctober;3）Theland-basedCDOMwasmorefromsewagethanfromsoilleaching;and4）LightabsorptioninthebluewavelengthswasdominatedbyCDOManddetritus.

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.Methods

2.1.Samplecollectionandmeasurements

2.2.MODISdataprocessing

3.Spatial-temporalvariationsofag（412）

4.CDOMdynamicsandorigin

5.Implicationsforoceancolorremotesensing

6.Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

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164

Associationofphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartneraroundthetimeofpregnancywithinadequategestationalweightgain  OriginalResearchArticle

SocialScience&Medicine,Volume72,Issue6,March2011,Pages867-873

HindA.Beydoun,HalaTamim,AliciaM.Lincoln,SuzannaD.Dooley,MayA.Beydoun

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Abstract

Intimatepartnerviolencehasbeenpreviouslyexaminedinrelationtoavarietyofpregnancy,laboranddeliveryoutcomes.WeevaluatedwhetherwomenwhoexperiencedphysicalviolencebytheirintimatepartnersaroundthetimeofpregnancywerelesslikelytoachieveweightgainaccordingtotheUSInstituteofMedicine（IOM）guidelines.Across-sectionalstudywasconductedusingthe2000–2006OklahomaPregnancyRiskAssessmentMonitoringSurvey（PRAMS）dataforpost-partumwomen,20 yearsandolder.Physicalviolenceperpetratedbyanintimatepartnerbeforeand/orduringpregnancywasprevalentinnearly6.5%ofwomen.Weightgainwasadequatein38.8%,deficientin28.4%andexcessivein32.8%ofthesewomen,respectively.Afteradjustingformaternalage,maritalstatus,education,pregnancyintention,stressfullifeevents,third-trimesteruseoftobaccoandalcoholandgestationalageatdelivery,physicalviolencebyanintimatepartneraroundthetimeofpregnancywaspositivelybutnon-significantlyassociatedwithexcessive（butnotdeficient）gestationalweightgain.Afterstratifyingbyagegroup,positiveandsignificantassociationsbetweenphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartneraroundthetimeofpregnancyandinadequategestationalweightgainwereobservedonlyamongwomen35yearsandolder.Withtheexceptionofmothers≥35yearsofage,deficientandexcessivegestationalweightgainswerenotsignificantlyrelatedtoexperienceswithphysicalviolencebyanintimatepartnerpriortodelivery.Prospectivecohortstudiesareneededtoestablishwhetherotherformsofviolence,includingemotionalandsexualabuse,canaffectgestationalweightgainandwhethergestationalweightgaincanmediatetheeffectofphysical,sexualandemotionalabuseonpregnancy,laboranddeliveryoutcomes.

ArticleOutline

Introduction

Materialsandmethods

CDCPRAMS

Exposure

Outcome

Covariates

Statisticalanalysis

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgements

References

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►Secondaryanalyseswerebasedonthe2000–2006OklahomaPRAMSdata.►GestationalweightgainwasgenerallynotrelatedtoIPVaroundpregnancy.►Forwomen≥35years,IPVandinadequateweightgainweredirectlyrelated.

165

Aninvestigationintothermalcomfortandresidentialthermalenvironmentinanintertropicalsub-SaharanAfricaregion:

FieldstudyreportduringtheHarmattanseasoninCameroon  OriginalResearchArticle

EnergyConversionandManagement,Volume51,Issue7,July2010,Pages1391-1397

NoëlDjongyang,RenéTchinda

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Abstract

Investigationsonthermalcomforthaveattractedauthorsforyearsthroughouttheworldandthemostimportantfindingsarenowthebasisofinternationalthermalcomfortstandards.Thereislittleinformationavailableconcerningoccupantcomfortandresidentialthermalenvironmentintheintertropicalsub-SaharanAfrica.Thusthepurposeforthisstudyistoconductafieldstudyoncomfortandresidentialthermalenvironmentsinatypicalintertropicalclimaticregion.Afieldsurveyhasbee