An Analysis on Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs.docx

An Analysis on Bi and Xing in The Book of Songs.docx

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AnAnalysisonBiandXinginTheBookofSongs

UnderstandingChineseClassics

Thesis：

AnAnalysison“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs

College：

TheCollegeofForeignLanguage

Major：

English

Name：

FuJiajiaClassNumber:

09090305

Lecturer：

JiangYujiao

Co-Lecturers:

Time：

2013-12-26

Scores:

Contents

Abstractii

1.Introduction1

1.1IntroductionaboutTheBookofSongs1

1.2IntroductionaboutfemaleimagesinTheBookofSongs1

2.Thedefinitionof“Bi”and“Xing”2

2.1Thedefinitionof“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs2

3.Thefeaturesof“Bi”and“Xing”4

3.1Thefeaturesof“Bi”inTheBookofSongs3

3.2Thefeaturesof“Xing”inTheBookofSongs3

4.Functionsof“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs4

5.Conclusions5

WorksCited6

AnAnalysison“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs

FuJiajia

Abstract:

TheBookofSongsisthefirstcollectionpoeminthehistoryofancientChina,whichisabrilliantstartingpointofChinesehistoryofpoetry.ThebookdisplaysthehistoricscenebetweenShangDynastyandSpringandAutumnPeriodfromallaspectsofmulti-angleandmulti-level.“Fu”（赋）,“Bi”（比）and“Xing”（兴）arethreemajortechniquesofexpressioninTheBookofSongs.Overtheages,scholarshavedonelotsofresearcheson“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs,mainlyfromtheperspectiveofliteratureincludingrhetoricandimage.Onlyafewscholarshaveanalyzedthemfromthecognitivepointofview,withoutaunifiedconclusion.Thisstudyverifiesthefeasibilityandapplicabilityofcognitivemetaphortheoryinunderstandingconcepts,andrevealsthecognitivesignificanceof“Bi”and“Xing”inTheBookofSongs.

Keywords:

TheBookofSongs,“Bi”,“Xing”

1.Introduction

1.1IntroductionaboutTheBookofSongs

TheBookofSongs（Shijing）,istheoldestpoetryanthology,aswellastheoldestschoolbookinChina.ItplaysamostimportantroleinestablishingandmaintainingtheChinesetraditionalculture.Meanwhile,itisalsooneoftheearliestcollectionsofpoemsintheworld.ItcontainsChinesepoemsoftheZhouDynastywrittenfromthe11thcenturyB.C.tothe6thcenturyB.C.Thepoemswrittenduringthisperiodaddeduptoover3000,fromwhichConfuciusselected305tocompilethisanthologyandgaveitthenameof“Shijing”insteadofitsoriginalonesShi（Poems）andShiSanbai（ThreeHundredPoems）（ChenZizhan&DuYuecun,1990:

9）.TheBookofSongsisalsocalledMaoshi（MaoPoems）becauseitwasthecontributionofMaoHengoftheHanDynastywhoworkedhardontheannotationtothepoemstopassitdowntonowadays.

ThepoemsinTheBookofSongsaresaidtobesungassongs,whichisalsothereasonwhyitistranslatedas“TheBookofSongs”inEnglish.Basedonthetunestheyweresungby,thepoemswereclassifiedintothreecategories,namely,Feng（Ballads）,Ya（FestalOdes）,andSong（SacrificialSongs）.Fengareregionalsongscomposedinthefifteensmallkingdoms（theyare:

Zhounan,Shaonan,Bei,Yong,Wei,Wang,Zheng,Qi,Wei,Tang,Qin,Chen,Hui,CaoandBin）existingatthattime,160poemsintotal（ibid:

10）.MostofthepoemsinFengarefolksongsfromalongtheYellowRiver,writteninasimpleandnaturalstyle,reflectingthereallifeofthecommonpeopleindifferentregions,suchastheirdailyworkandjobs,theirjoysandlove,theirsadnessandhardship,andsoon.Onlyafewofthemareworksofthenobles.Yacanbedividedintotwoparts:

minorodesandmajorodes.

Amongthe74minorodes,somearesongstobesungatthenoblemen’sbanquetsorsacrificialrituals,somearepoemsbymenofletterstoventtheirmalcontentedfeelingsandafewofthemarefolksongs.MajorodesarepoemsreflectingthepoliticalrealityandeventsoftheWestZhouDynasty,31poemsinall.ThepoemsinYaarebasicallywrittenbythenobles.Songisalsodividedgeographicallyintothreeparts,including31poemsofZhou,4ofLuand5ofShang.These40poemsaremainlysacrificialhymnsandsongschieflyservetoglorifythegreatancestorsinthecourtsofZhou,LuandShangandinspiretheirdescendantstoworshipthemasgods.

1.2Introductionabout“Bi”,“Xing”

“Fu”,“Bi”,“Xing”arethethreeimportantliterarytechniquesintheproductionofthepoetryinTheBookofSongs,andalsohaveaprofoundinfluenceonthecreationofliteraryworksinthefollowinggenerations（XuYuanchong,2009:

4-5）.“Fu”,themostbasictechniqueofexpression,referstothetechniqueofstraightnarrationanddescription（ibid:

4）.Forinstance,in“死生契阔，与子成说。

执子之手，与子偕老”（“Meetorpart,liveordie;wemadeoath,youandI.Whencanourhandsweholdandlivetillwegrowold”–tr.XuYuanchong）from“ComplaintofaSoldier”（《邶风·击鼓》）,theauthorexpresseshisorherfeelingsandemotionsdirectly.“Bi”referstothetechniqueofmakingcomparisonbetweendifferentthings,includingsimileandmetaphor（ibid: