TPO26READING 打印文本.docx

TPO26READING 打印文本.docx

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TPO26READING打印文本

1.Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal”?

A）TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcentury

B）Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesineighteenth-centuryBritain

C）ToindicatethatBritain’senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel

D）Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-centuryBritain

2.Whatwas“theproblemofenergy”thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?

A）Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.

B）Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.

C）Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.

D）Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.

EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution

Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerknownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepower.Increasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt’ssteamengine?

A）TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain

B）Increasedmechanization

C）Morepossibilitiesformilllocation

D）Smallermills

4.Thephrase“apparentin”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）clearlyseenin

B）aidedby

C）associatewith

D）followedby

5.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain’smostimportantexportby1850?

A）Rawcotton

B）Cottoncloth

C）Steam-poweredpumps

D）Coal

6.Theword“consequent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）resulting

B）encouraging

C）welldocumented

D）immediate

Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoavarietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoals,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain’smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.

7.Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?

A）Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.

B）ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.

C）ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.

D）ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedgreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.

8.Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?

A）Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.

B）Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.

C）Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.

D）Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoalincoalmines.

9.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueoftheironindustryinGreatBritainduringthe1800sEXCEPT:

A）Steam-drivenbellowswereusedtoproducerawiron.

B）Bythe1850sBritainwastheworld’slargestproducerofiron.

C）Steam-poweredmillsmadeitpossibletoproduceironofdifferentshapesandsizes.

D）Greaterdemandforhigher-qualityironincreaseditsprice.

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke（substanceleftaftercoalisheated）assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.

10.Theword“initiated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）anticipated

B）accelerated

C）spread

D）started

11.Paragraph4implieswhichofthefollowingaboutthetransformationinrailtransportation?

A）Becauserailwayconstructionemployedmostlyrurallaborers,unemploymentincreasedamongurbanworkers.

B）Itresultedinmoretradewithinthecountry,butlesstradewithmarketsthatcouldbereachedonlybyoceanshipping.

C）Itmadeshippingfreightoverlandtodistantmarketslessexpensive.

D）Itresultedinhigherwagesforfactoryworkers.

12.Thephrase“accustomedto”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）inneedof

B）usedto

C）tiredof

D）encouragedby

Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.⑤However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitialedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.⑤Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.⑤Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.⑤Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[⑤]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thefirststeam-poweredlocomotiveswereslowbytheyrapidlyimprovedinspeedandcarryingcapacity.

Wheredoesthesentencebestfit?

14.ProseSummary

ThecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionineighteenth-centuryBritaindependedonthedevelopmentofthesteamenginetopowermachinery.

AnswerChoices:

A）Foryears,historiansdisregardedtheissueofenergyasamajorelementintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandfocusedinsteadontechnologicaldevelopmentandincreasedproduction.

B）By1850,theuseofsteampowerinBritain’smills,mines,andironindustrymadeBritainaworldleaderintheproductionofcottonclothandiron.

C）Theintroductionandgrowthofsteam-poweredrailtransportwasamajorfactorinBritain’seconomicexpansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

D）Oncethebasicinfrastructurewasinplace,theIndustrialRevolutionfueleditselfwithenlargingmarketsrequiringevermoreexpansionoffactoriesandworkforce.

E）AnexpansionoftheindustrialRevolutionoutsideGreatBritainoccurredwhenBritishindustriesbegantoimportrawcottonandhigh-qualityiron.

F）Bytheendofthe1800s,railwayconstructionattractedsomanylaborersthatfactoriescouldnotfindenoughworkerstokeepupwithincreasingsales.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,waterprovidesallofthefollowingessentialfunctionsforplantsEXCEPT:

A）improvingplants’abilitytoabsorbsunlight

B）preventingplantsfrombecomingoverheated

C）transportingnutrients

D）servingasarawmaterialforphotosynthesis

2.Paragraph3suggeststhatduringadryyearephemerals

A）produceevenmoreseedsthaninawetyear