TPO26READING 打印文本.docx

1、TPO26READING 打印文本1. Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”? A) To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteenth century B) To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for

2、homes and industries in eighteenth-century Britain C) To indicate that Britains energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel D) To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century Britain 2. What was “the problem of energy” that had to be solved to make the Industri

3、al Revolution of the eighteenth century possible? A) Water and wind could not be used efficiently. B) There was no efficient way to power machinery. C) Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply. D) Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power requi

4、red for industrial application. Energy and the Industrial Revolution For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until t

5、he eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experi

6、encing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to p

7、ower machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine. 3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a development in cotton mills brought about by Watts steam engine? A) The importing of huge quantities of raw cotton by Britain B) Increased mechanizat

8、ion C) More possibilities for mill location D) Smaller mills 4. The phrase “apparent in” in the passage is closest in meaning to A) clearly seen in B) aided by C) associate with D) followed by 5. According to paragraph 2, what was Britains most important export by 1850? A) Raw cotton B) Cotton cloth

9、 C) Steam-powered pumps D) Coal 6. The word “consequent” in the passage is closest in meaning to A) resulting B) encouraging C) well documented D) immediate In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses a

10、s it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills u

11、sing steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coals, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water-driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of

12、cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britains most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in incre

13、ased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table. 7. What is the role of paragraph 2 in the passage as a whole? A) It explains how by increasing the supply of r

14、aw materials from other countries, British industries were able to reduce costs and increase production. B) It explains how the production of mechanical energy and its benefits spread quickly across countries that were linked commercially with Great Britain. C) It demonstrates why developments in a

15、single industry could not have caused the Industrial Revolution. D) It illustrates why historians have assigned great importance to the issue of energy in the rise of the Industrial Revolution. 8. According to paragraph 3, why was the use of coke important for the iron industry? A) It helped make wo

16、od into charcoal. B) It reduced the dependency on steam-powered machines used for the production of iron. C) It replaced charcoal in the production of raw and refined iron. D) It powered the machines used to extract coal in coal mines. 9. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of t

17、he iron industry in Great Britain during the 1800s EXCEPT: A) Steam-driven bellows were used to produce raw iron. B) By the 1850s Britain was the worlds largest producer of iron. C) Steam-powered mills made it possible to produce iron of different shapes and sizes. D) Greater demand for higher-quali

18、ty iron increased its price. The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal, made from wood and thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke (substance left after coal is heated) as steam-driven bellows ca

19、me into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron. Reduced cost was also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable of producing finished iron of various shapes and sizes. The resulting boom in the iron i

20、ndustry expanded the annual iron output by more than 170 times between 1740 and 1840, and by the 1850s Great Britain was producing more tons of iron than the rest of the world combined. The developments in the iron industry were in part a response to the demand for more machines and the ever-widenin

21、g use of higher-quality iron in other industries. 10. The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to A) anticipated B) accelerated C) spread D) started 11. Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the transformation in rail transportation? A) Because railway construction employ

22、ed mostly rural laborers, unemployment increased among urban workers. B) It resulted in more trade within the country, but less trade with markets that could be reached only by ocean shipping. C) It made shipping freight overland to distant markets less expensive. D) It resulted in higher wages for

23、factory workers. 12. The phrase “accustomed to” in the passage is closest in meaning to A) in need of B) used to C) tired of D) encouraged by Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred,

24、but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initialed a comp

25、lete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity

26、 and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seaso

27、nal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class. 13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. The fi

28、rst steam-powered locomotives were slow by they rapidly improved in speed and carrying capacity. Where does the sentence best fit? 14. Prose Summary The coming of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain depended on the development of the steam engine to power machinery. Answer Choice

29、s: A) For years, historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revolution and focused instead on technological development and increased production. B) By 1850, the use of steam power in Britains mills, mines, and iron industry made Britain a world leade

30、r in the production of cotton cloth and iron. C) The introduction and growth of steam-powered rail transport was a major factor in Britains economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution. D) Once the basic infrastructure was in place, the Industrial Revolution fueled itself with enlarging marke

31、ts requiring ever more expansion of factories and workforce. E) An expansion of the industrial Revolution outside Great Britain occurred when British industries began to import raw cotton and high-quality iron. F) By the end of the 1800s, railway construction attracted so many laborers that factorie

32、s could not find enough workers to keep up with increasing sales. 1. According to paragraph 1, water provides all of the following essential functions for plants EXCEPT: A) improving plants ability to absorb sunlight B) preventing plants from becoming overheated C) transporting nutrients D) serving as a raw material for photosynthesis 2. Paragraph 3 suggests that during a dry year ephemerals A) produce even more seeds than in a wet year