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届本科毕业论文样本5
本科生毕业论文
题目
学生姓名
学号
专业班级
指导教师
完成时间2014年5月
THESYNTAXOFNOUNPHRASES
THESIS
Submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsfor
ThedegreeofBachelorofArts
InHunanUniversityofArtsandScience
ByLiuBo
Supervisor:
LiBin
May2014
HunanUniversityofArtsandScience
摘要
隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心。
两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。
现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式。
隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似。
因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。
在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。
(大约200-300字左右)
关键词:
隐喻;搭配;术语
(中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应,关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)
Abstract
Themechanismofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:
onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.
Keywords:
metaphor;collocation;terms
(注意:
关键词3-5个,字体要加粗,词与词之间用分号分开)
Contents
摘要……………………………………………………………….i
Abstract…………………………………………….……….………..ii
Introduction……………………………………...………..1
Chapter1AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor………...………...2
1.1AristotelianSchool:
Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric…..……….2
1.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical….…………….5
……….
Chapter4TheMechanismofMetaphor…….………………...15
4.1Black’sInteractionTheory…………………………....................15
4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory……………………...15
4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory……………………16
4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory………………………...19
……….
Conclusion…………………….…………………………………42
Bibliography…………………………………..………………………45
Acknowledgements
(注:
正文不少于2章,多于5章)
Introduction
Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechanismofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle’sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian’sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretation…….itismoreismofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,Introduction部分字数至少需要1个page)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Chapter1
AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor
2.1AristotelianSchool:
Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric
AndrewOrtony(1979:
3),oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat“AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle”.
InPoetics,Aristotle(350B.C.:
71)expoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefinesmetaphoras“theapplicationofanaliennamebytransferenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion”.Thenhegivesfourkindsofmetaphor:
Since‘lyingatanchor’isaspeciesofthegenus‘lying’,onecansay‘thereliesmyship’(genus-to-speciesmetaphor),since‘tenthousand’isaspeciesofa‘largenumber’,onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genusmetaphor).Since‘todrawaway’and‘tocleave’areeachaspeciesofthegenus‘takingaway’,onecansaywithbladeofbronzedrewawaythelife(species-to-speciesmetaphor).Andsinceoldageistolifeaseveningtotheday,onecansaythatoldageistheeveningoflife(ibid.).(此符号ibid.意为同上,引文出处与上相同。
)
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogy……topoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristsmakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword“iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered”(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifiesmetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandismerelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay,1996).Alsointhischapterheelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusual…….“Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan’tcreatesimilarities”(Lakoff&Johnson,1980:
153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作,应加上出版年代以示区别)………………………………………………
Chapter4
TheMechanismofMetaphor
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4.1Black’sInteractionTheory
4.1.1IntroductiontoInteractionTheory
InteractionTheorywasoriginatedfromI.A.Richards’theory.Inhisdefinitionhesays:
“Inthesimplestformulation,whenweuseametaphorwehavetwothoughtsofdifferentthingsactivetogetherandsupportedbyasingleword,orphrase,whosemeaningisaresultantoftheirinteraction”(Richard,1998:
89).Themostimportantinthisdefinitionis“twoactive……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.3TheConceptualIntegrationTheory
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory
ConceptualIntegrationTheorywasproposedbyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner………………………
4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces
InBT,thebasisunitofcognitiveorganizationisnotthedomainbutthementalspaces,whichareapartialandtemporaryrepresentationalstructurethatspeakersconstructwhenthinkingortalkingaboutaperceived,imagined,past,present……………………………
Conclusion
Thestudyofmetaphoris,inessence,thestudyofhowmetaphorworks.Itisthenucleusofmetaphorstudy.Modernscholarsdiscardtheperspectivethatmetaphorisadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage,andclaimthatmetaphorisofcognitionandisomnipresent;itisawayofhumanthinking.Moreover,theyholdthatmetaphorcreatessimilarityinsteadofcomparingtwothingswhicharebasedonthepreexistingsimilarity.Hence,themechanismofmetaphoristointerprethowsimilarityiscreated.Black’stheoryandLakoffiantheory,duetosomedefectsanddeficiencies,arenotabletogiveacleardescriptionofthecreationofsimilarity.Theyendeavortoexpoundtheappearanceofanewstructureafteranovelmetaphor,buttheyfailtodothatandresultin“isomorphism”.
Themechanismofmetaphorissophisticated.Itisaresultofvariousfactors.Interacting,projectingandblendingconstitutetheprocess.ItisobviousthatBT,onthebasisofthetwoabove-mentionedtheories,focusesonsolvingtheproblemofthe“isomorphism”-structure.Toavoidcommittingthesamemistakethatalltheknowledge,thefeaturesmappedfromthesourcedomainandthestructure(topology)ofthetargetdomainareinterwoven…….(Conclusion部分字数至少需要1个page)
Bibliography
Belletti,A.Thecaseofunaccusatives[J].LinguisticInquiry.1988(19):
1-34.
Stowell,Timothy.OriginsofPhraseStructure[D].Cambridge,Mass.:
MIT,1981
Williams,E.GovernmentandBindingTheoryandtheMinimalistProgram[M].Oxford:
Blackwell.1984.
黄和斌,戴秀华.从IP/CP分析法看若干英语结构[J].外国语,1999(5):
25-31.
石毓智.语法的认知语义基础[M].南昌:
江西教育出版社,2000.
章振邦.新编英语语法[M].上海:
外语教育出版社,1997.
(注:
M代表专著、J代表期刊文章、D代表学位论文,更多内容参见毕业论文格式详解)
Acknowledgements
Ihaveeternalgratitudeto…,mytutor,forhisinestimablehelpandvaluableinstruction,andtoProfessor…,forhisinsightfullectures,whichinspiremetocomposethisdissertation.
IamgreatlyindebtedtoProfessor…forhisallowingmetohaveaccesstohisbookspertinenttothisdissertation.
IalsothankthosewhohelpmeincourseofthewritingandwhosenamesIcan’tlisthereonebyone.
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