届本科毕业论文样本5.docx

1、届本科毕业论文样本5 本科生毕业论文题 目 学生姓名 学 号 专业班级 指导教师 完成时间 2014年5月 THE SYNTAX OF NOUN PHRASESTHESISSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements forThe degree of Bachelor of ArtsIn Hunan University of Arts and ScienceBy Liu BoSupervisor: Li BinMay 2014Hunan University of Arts and Science摘 要隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研

2、究，它是隐喻研究的核心。两千多年来，隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段，一种语言的陪衬，被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代，进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。现代学者通过大量研究表明，隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段，更重要的是，它是人类的主要认知方式。隐喻这一认知方式，给人们一种新的视角，创造一种相似。因此，现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。在众多的隐喻理论中，影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。 (大约200-300字左右)关键词：隐喻；搭配；术语（中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应，关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开）AbstractThe mech

3、anism of metaphor is actually the nucleus of the study of metaphor. For more than two thousand years, metaphor was viewed as a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language. In accordance with this perspective, metaphor was a comparison between two things that do not belong to the same category or w

4、as regarded as one word used to substitute another because there were preexisting similarities between them. As a result of this perspective, two theories took shape: one was the Comparison Theory, the other was the Theory of Substitution. But modern scholars discard the perspective, holding that me

5、taphor is not only a device of rhetoric, to be more important, it is a leading way for human beings to know this world, a way of thinking. Key words: metaphor; collocation; terms（注意：关键词3-5个，字体要加粗，词与词之间用分号分开）Contents摘 要 .iAbstract .iiIntroduction.1Chapter 1 A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor.21.1

6、 Aristotelian School: MetaphorA Device of Rhetoric.21.2 The Platonic SchoolLanguage is Metaphorical. 5. Chapter 4 The Mechanism of Metaphor.15 4.1 Blacks Interaction Theory.154.1.1 Introduction to the Interaction Theory.154.1.2 Some Defects of the Interaction Theory164.2 Lakoffian Conceptual Metapho

7、r Theory.19.Conclusion.42Bibliography.45Acknowledgements（注：正文不少于2章，多于5章）IntroductionThe study of metaphor has long been with us and the focus of the study is the mechanism of metaphor. It is the most significant and indispensable part of the study. For more than two thousand years, the study is carr

8、ied on mainly from the perspective of rhetoric, viewing metaphor as a device of rhetoric, an embellishment of language. The representative of the theories in this long period is Aristotles Comparison Theory and Quintilians Theory of Substitution. Because metaphor is not only a rhetorical phenomenon,

9、 but also one of cognition, the interpretation.it is more ism of metaphor than the other two.(以下省略，Introduction部分字数至少需要1个page)Chapter 1 A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor 2.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphor-A Device of Rhetoric Andrew Ortony(1979:3), one of the most influential writers on metaphor

10、, has pointed out, and there are few who would disagree with him, that it is still the case that “Any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to start with the works of Aristotle”. In Poetics, Aristotle (350 B.C.: 71) expounds the essence, function and the way of explanation of metaphor as three

11、 nuclei. He defines metaphor as “the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion”. Then he gives four kinds of metaphor:Since lying at anchor is a species of the genus lying, one c

12、an say there lies my ship (genus-to-species metaphor), since ten thousand is a species of a large number, one can say verily ten thousand noble deeds hath Odysseus wrought (species-to-genus metaphor). Since to draw away and to cleave are each a species of the genus taking away, one can say with blad

13、e of bronze drew away the life (species-to-species metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (此符号ibid.意为同上，引文出处与上相同。)All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogyto po

14、etry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of Poetics, Aristotle states that every word “is either current, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or

15、 contracted, or altered”(ibid.70). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay, 1996). Also in this chapt

16、er he elaborates how metaphors are unusual.“A metaphor can therefore only describe preexisting similarities. It cant create similarities” (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 153).（如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作，应加上出版年代以示区别） Chapter 4 The Mechanism of Metaphor.4.1 Blacks Interaction Theory4.1.1 Introduction to Interaction

17、Theory Interaction Theory was originated from I. A. Richards theory. In his definition he says: “In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things active together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction”(

18、Richard, 1998:89). The most important in this definition is “two active 4.3 The Conceptual Integration Theory .4.3.1 An Introduction to the Conceptual Integration TheoryConceptual Integration Theory was proposed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner4.3.1.1 Four Mental SpacesIn BT, the basis unit of c

19、ognitive organization is not the domain but the mental spaces, which are a partial and temporary representational structure that speakers construct when thinking or talking about a perceived, imagined, past, presentConclusion The study of metaphor is, in essence, the study of how metaphor works. It

20、is the nucleus of metaphor study. Modern scholars discard the perspective that metaphor is a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language, and claim that metaphor is of cognition and is omnipresent; it is a way of human thinking. Moreover, they hold that metaphor creates similarity instead of compa

21、ring two things which are based on the preexisting similarity. Hence, the mechanism of metaphor is to interpret how similarity is created. Blacks theory and Lakoffian theory, due to some defects and deficiencies, are not able to give a clear description of the creation of similarity. They endeavor t

22、o expound the appearance of a new structure after a novel metaphor, but they fail to do that and result in “isomorphism”.The mechanism of metaphor is sophisticated. It is a result of various factors. Interacting, projecting and blending constitute the process. It is obvious that BT, on the basis of

23、the two above-mentioned theories, focuses on solving the problem of the “isomorphism”-structure. To avoid committing the same mistake that all the knowledge, the features mapped from the source domain and the structure (topology) of the target domain are interwoven.（Conclusion部分字数至少需要1个page）Bibliogr

24、aphyBelletti, A. The case of unaccusativesJ. Linguistic Inquiry. 1988(19):1-34.Stowell, Timothy. Origins of Phrase StructureD. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1981Williams, E. Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist ProgramM. Oxford: Blackwell. 1984.黄和斌, 戴秀华. 从IP/CP分析法看若干英语结构J. 外国语, 1999(5):25-31.石毓

25、智. 语法的认知语义基础M. 南昌: 江西教育出版社, 2000. 章振邦. 新编英语语法M. 上海: 外语教育出版社, 1997. （注：M代表专著、J代表期刊文章、D代表学位论文，更多内容参见毕业论文格式详解）Acknowledgements I have eternal gratitude to, my tutor, for his inestimable help and valuable instruction, and to Professor , for his insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this dissertation. I am greatly indebted to Professor for his allowing me to have access to his books pertinent to this dissertation. I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I cant list here one by one.注：此页不需要标注页码