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英国文化资料
ChapterOne:
EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature(5thcentury–1485)
1.Beowulf(7thcentury)
WhataManIsBeowulf?
Beowulfisagrandhero.Heisfaithfultohispeople.Hegoesalone,inastrangeland,torescuehispeople.Heforgetshimselfinfaceofdanger,thinkingonlythatitprofitsothers.
FeaturesofBeowulf
Alliteration(押头韵):
Therearegenerallyfouraccentsinaline,threeofwhichshowalliteration.
Metaphor(隐喻):
ring-giver=king;whale’sroad=sea.Suchmetaphorsoccuringreatnumber.
Understatement(典型特点):
nottroublesome=verywelcome;neednotpraise=condemn
LiteraryTerms(文学术语解释)
Legend(传说):
Asongornarrativehandeddownfromthepast,legenddiffersfrommythsonthebasisoftheelementsofhistoricaltruththeycontain.
Epic(史诗):
1)Epic,inpoetry,referstoalongworkdealingwiththeactionsofgodsandheroes.2)BeowulfisthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:
ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.
Romance罗曼史/骑士文学:
1)RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.2)Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.3)Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespiritofromance.
Ballad(民谣):
1)Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.2)Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.
2.GeoffreyChaucer杰佛利·乔叟(约1340-1400)英国代表作家,现实主义文学的奠基者。
Heis“ThefounderofEnglishRealism”“ThefatherofEnglishliterature”and“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.Hewasthefirstauthorburiedinthefamous“poets’corner”,WestminsterAbbey
TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》(1400)
InTheCanterburyTales,ChaucerpresentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedagroupofvividtypicalfiguresinthemiddleAges.→“ThefounderofEnglishRealism”
TheHeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体)(英雄对偶句)
Heroiccoupletreferstotherhymedcoupletiniambicpentameter
Heroiccoupletsarelinesofiambicpentameterthatrhymeinpairs(aa,bb,cc).
TheHeroicCouplet:
1)ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2)Therhymeismasculine.3)UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.
Questions
2.WhydoesBeowulftoweraboveallotherliteraryworkswritteninAnglo-Saxon?
3.WhatisthesocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTalesandwhatisChaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetryandtotheEnglishlanguage?
ChapterTwo:
TheRenaissance
Representatives
1.Dante,1265-1321TheDivineComedy《神曲》
2.Boccaccio,1313-1375TheDecameron《十日谈》
3.Petrarch,1304-1374“FatherofHumanism人文主义”
4.LeonardodaVinci,1452-1519LastSupper;MonaLisa
5.MigueldeCervantes,1547-1616DonQuixote《堂吉诃德》
RenaissanceinEngland
TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,andthegreatestachievementmaylieintheso-calledElizabethandrama.
RepresentativesinEngland
Dramatist:
ChristopherMarlowe,1564-1593
WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616
BenJonson,1572-1637
Someotherwriters:
EdmundSpenser,1552-1599
SirThomasMore,1477-1535
FrancisBacon,1561-1626
JohnDonne,1571-1613
JohnMilton,1608-1674
1.WilliamShakespeare,poetanddramatist.Hamlet,KingLear,Othello,Macbeth
Works作品:
悲喜剧《罗密欧与茱丽叶》
四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》《麦克白》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》
四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》
历史剧《裘力斯凯撒》《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》《约翰王》《亨利六世》上、中、下篇与《理查三世》《理查二世》《亨利四世》
Hamlet
Theplay,setinDenmark,recountshowPrinceHamletexactsrevengeonhisuncleClaudius,whohasmurderedHamlet'sfather,theKing,andthentakenthethroneandmarriedHamlet’smother.Theplayvividlychartsthecourseofrealandfeignedmadness—fromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrage—andexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.
CharacterofHamlet
Hamletisahumanist,amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudice.
Melancholy:
Itissaidnotwithoutreasonthatthekey-noteofHamlet’scharacterismelancholy,andtherecanbenoHamletwithoutmelancholy.
Hesitation:
HesitationisthemaincauseforHamlet’stragedy.Hisdelayinactioncomesfromhismelancholy.Buttheyarenotnegative,fortheyarerathertheresultofhispenetratinghabitofmind.
theriseandsuccessof“anupstartcrow”(用美丽的羽毛装饰起来的狂妄自大的乌鸦)--------莎士比亚《亨利六世》
Alltheworld'sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:
theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts...—AsYouLikeIt,ActII,Scene7,139–42.
Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable,inactionhowlikeanangel,inapprehensionhowlikeagod!
Thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals—andyet,tome,whatisthisquintessenceofdust?
----HamletAct2,scene2,303–312
LiteraryTerms(文学术语解释)
Sonnet(十四行诗)
Definition:
Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlines,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.
Threetypesofsonnet:
a)TheItalianorPetrarchan(彼得拉克)sonnet:
abbaabbacdecde
abbaabbacdccdc
b)TheEnglishorShakespearean(莎士比亚的)sonnet:
ababcdcdefefgg
c)TheSpenserian(斯宾塞体)sonnet:
ababbcbccdcdee
“sonnet18”
Inthissonnet,thepoetexpresseshistrueaffectionforthepersonhelovesandbelievesthathispoetrywillbringfortheternalbeautytotheperson.Thissonnetismadeupofthreequatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefandacoupletrhyminggg.
Thethemeofthesonnetsmaybethathispoetrycanbringeternitytotheoneheloves.
Soliloquy(独白)
1)Soliloquy,indrama,meansamomentwhenacharacterisaloneandspeakshisorherthoughtsaloud.
2)Intheline“Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion”,whichbeginsthefamoussoliloquyfromAct3,Scene1ofShakespeare’sHamlet.InthissoliloquyHamletquestionswhetherornotlifeisworthlivingandspeaksofthereasonswhyhedoesnotendhislife.
2.FrancisBacon,essayist,
Significances
1.Hisinductivereasoning(归纳推理)vsdeductivereasoning(演绎推论)
→“Therealprogenitor(先驱)ofEnglishmaterialism”
→“FatherofmodernscienceinEngland”
2.Hisachievementintheartofprosewriting:
→HisessaysisthefirstcollectionsofessaysintheEnglishliteraturehistory:
alandmark
“OfStudies”isthemostfamousandmostpopularofBacon’s58essays.
(Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor.Thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Thisone-paragraphessayhasbeenaclassicinEnglishprose.)
Works作品:
OfMarriageandSingleLife《论婚姻》TheFirstOne
LiteraryTerms(文学术语解释)
Induction/归纳推理
Inductionorinductivereasoning,sometimescalledinductivelogic,istheprocessofreasoninginwhichthepremisesofanargumentarebelievedtosupporttheconclusionbutdonotentailthepremises;
Deduction/演绎推理
Deductivereasoningisreasoningwhichusesdeductiveargumentstomovefromgivenstatements(premises)toconclusions,whichmustbetrueifthepremisesaretrue.Anexampleofdeductivereasoning,givenbyAristotle,is“Allmenaremortal.(Majorpremise)Socratesisaman.(Minorpremise)Socratesismortal.(Conclusion)”
培根至理名言:
爱情就像银行里存一笔钱,能欣赏对方的优点,就像补充收入;容忍对方缺点,这是节制支出。
所谓永恒的爱,是从红颜爱到白发,从花开爱到花残。
我活着是为了学习,而学习并不是为了活着。
合理安排时间,就等于节约时间。
在我看来,举止就像是心灵的衣裳,而且具备衣裳的特点。
因为举止应当合乎时尚,而不应稀奇古怪;它应在体现出心灵美的同时又能掩饰其不足;总之,举止不能太拘束,太呆板。
生活的理想,就是为了理想的生活。
书籍是在时代的波涛中航行的思想之船,它小心翼翼地把珍贵的货物运送给一代又一代。
Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量.
ChapterThree:
17thcenturyliterature(theperiodofEnglishbourgeoisrevolutionandrestoration)
1.JohnDonne(约翰·多恩)
TheSongsandSonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》;Death,BeNotProud《死神莫骄妄》;TheFlea《跳蚤》;AValediction:
ForbiddingMourning《分别:
莫忧伤》
2.JohnMilton(约翰·弥尔顿)(1608–1674)HewasanEnglishpoet,prosepolemicistandcivilservantfortheCommonwealthofEngland.
Works作品:
Lycidas《利西达斯》;DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》;TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《再为英国人民声辩》;ParadiseLost《失乐园》;ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》
Milton!
Thoushouldstbelivingatthishour:
Englandhathneedofthee(弥尔顿,您应该活到现在!
英国需要您)。
——WilliamWordsworth(威廉·华兹华斯)
ParadiseLost《失乐园》
ItisMilton’smasterpiece,whichisalongepicin12bookswritteninblankverse.ThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtellshowSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,tempsAdamandEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausestheFallofMan.Satanistherealherointhepoem.Godisatyranny,asymboloftheEnglishMonarch
OnHisDeceasedWife(梦亡妻)
3.JohnBunyan(约翰·班扬),novelist,
Works作品:
ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》
《天路历程》著述基督徒从毁灭之城走出,经过绝望深渊、名利场、怀疑褒,历尽艰辛,战胜妖魔终于抵达欢乐山到达天国。
书的价值还在于它描述了英国城乡的现实主义画图。
这本书是一本宗教寓言,属于传教,说教的书。
4.JohnDrydon(约翰·德莱顿)
AllforLove《一切为了爱情》AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗》
MetaphysicalPoets(玄学派诗人)
Theyrefertoagroupofreligiouspoetsinthefirsthalfofthe17thcenturywhoseworkswerecharacterizedbytheirwit,imaginativepicturing,compressions,oftencrypticexpression,playofparadoxesandjuxtapositionsofmetaphor.
TheMetaphysicalPoets
JohnDonne(1572–1631)
GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)
HenryVaughan(1621-1695)
RichardCrashaw(1613-1649)
AndrewMarvell(1621-1678)
MetaphysicalPoetry
Itisalooseschoolofhighlyintellectualpoetryinthe17thcenturymarkedbyboleandingeniousconceits,incongruousimagery,andcomplexityofthought,frequentuseofparadoxandoftenbydeliberateharshnessorrigidityofexpression.
ThistermwascoinedbyJohnDryden(1631-1700)andlateradoptedbySamuelJohnson(1709-1784)inhisTheLivesofthePoets(1781