英国文化资料.docx

英国文化资料.docx

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英国文化资料

ChapterOne：

EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature（5thcentury–1485）

1.Beowulf（7thcentury）

WhataManIsBeowulf?

Beowulfisagrandhero.Heisfaithfultohispeople.Hegoesalone,inastrangeland,torescuehispeople.Heforgetshimselfinfaceofdanger,thinkingonlythatitprofitsothers.

FeaturesofBeowulf

Alliteration（押头韵）:

Therearegenerallyfouraccentsinaline,threeofwhichshowalliteration.

Metaphor（隐喻）:

ring-giver=king;whale’sroad=sea.Suchmetaphorsoccuringreatnumber.

Understatement（典型特点）:

nottroublesome=verywelcome;neednotpraise=condemn

LiteraryTerms（文学术语解释）

Legend（传说）:

Asongornarrativehandeddownfromthepast,legenddiffersfrommythsonthebasisoftheelementsofhistoricaltruththeycontain.

Epic（史诗）:

1）Epic,inpoetry,referstoalongworkdealingwiththeactionsofgodsandheroes.2）BeowulfisthegreatestnationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:

ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.

Romance罗曼史/骑士文学:

1）RomanceisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalEngland.2）Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.3）Chivalry（suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor）isthespiritofromance.

Ballad（民谣）:

1）Balladisastoryinpoeticformtobesungorrecited.2）Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3）RobinHoodisafamousballadsingingthegoodsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.

2.GeoffreyChaucer杰佛利·乔叟（约1340-1400）英国代表作家，现实主义文学的奠基者。

Heis“ThefounderofEnglishRealism”“ThefatherofEnglishliterature”and“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.Hewasthefirstauthorburiedinthefamous“poets’corner”，WestminsterAbbey

TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》（1400）

InTheCanterburyTales,ChaucerpresentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedagroupofvividtypicalfiguresinthemiddleAges.→“ThefounderofEnglishRealism”

TheHeroicCouplet（英雄双韵体）（英雄对偶句）

Heroiccoupletreferstotherhymedcoupletiniambicpentameter

Heroiccoupletsarelinesofiambicpentameterthatrhymeinpairs（aa,bb,cc）.

TheHeroicCouplet:

1）ItmeansapairoflinesofatypeoncecommoninEnglishpoetry,inotherwords,itmeansiambicpentameterrhymedintwolines.2）Therhymeismasculine.3）UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.

Questions

2.WhydoesBeowulftoweraboveallotherliteraryworkswritteninAnglo-Saxon?

3.WhatisthesocialsignificanceofTheCanterburyTalesandwhatisChaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetryandtotheEnglishlanguage?

ChapterTwo:

TheRenaissance

Representatives

1.Dante,1265-1321TheDivineComedy《神曲》

2.Boccaccio,1313-1375TheDecameron《十日谈》

3.Petrarch,1304-1374“FatherofHumanism人文主义”

4.LeonardodaVinci,1452-1519LastSupper;MonaLisa

5.MigueldeCervantes,1547-1616DonQuixote《堂吉诃德》

RenaissanceinEngland

TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,andthegreatestachievementmaylieintheso-calledElizabethandrama.

RepresentativesinEngland

Dramatist:

ChristopherMarlowe,1564-1593

WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616

BenJonson,1572-1637

Someotherwriters:

EdmundSpenser,1552-1599

SirThomasMore,1477-1535

FrancisBacon,1561-1626

JohnDonne,1571-1613

JohnMilton,1608-1674

1.WilliamShakespeare,poetanddramatist.Hamlet,KingLear,Othello,Macbeth

Works作品：

悲喜剧《罗密欧与茱丽叶》

四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》《麦克白》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》

四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》

历史剧《裘力斯凯撒》《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》《约翰王》《亨利六世》上、中、下篇与《理查三世》《理查二世》《亨利四世》

Hamlet

Theplay,setinDenmark,recountshowPrinceHamletexactsrevengeonhisuncleClaudius,whohasmurderedHamlet'sfather,theKing,andthentakenthethroneandmarriedHamlet’smother.Theplayvividlychartsthecourseofrealandfeignedmadness—fromoverwhelminggrieftoseethingrage—andexploresthemesoftreachery,revenge,incest,andmoralcorruption.

CharacterofHamlet

Hamletisahumanist,amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudice.

Melancholy:

Itissaidnotwithoutreasonthatthekey-noteofHamlet’scharacterismelancholy,andtherecanbenoHamletwithoutmelancholy.

Hesitation:

HesitationisthemaincauseforHamlet’stragedy.Hisdelayinactioncomesfromhismelancholy.Buttheyarenotnegative,fortheyarerathertheresultofhispenetratinghabitofmind.

theriseandsuccessof“anupstartcrow”（用美丽的羽毛装饰起来的狂妄自大的乌鸦）--------莎士比亚《亨利六世》

Alltheworld'sastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:

theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts...—AsYouLikeIt,ActII,Scene7,139–42.

Whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfaculties,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable,inactionhowlikeanangel,inapprehensionhowlikeagod!

Thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals—andyet,tome,whatisthisquintessenceofdust?

----HamletAct2,scene2,303–312

LiteraryTerms（文学术语解释）

Sonnet（十四行诗）

Definition:

Asonnetisalyricpoemconsistingofasinglestanzaoffourteeniambicpentameterlines,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.

Threetypesofsonnet:

a）TheItalianorPetrarchan（彼得拉克）sonnet:

abbaabbacdecde

abbaabbacdccdc

b）TheEnglishorShakespearean（莎士比亚的）sonnet:

ababcdcdefefgg

c）TheSpenserian（斯宾塞体）sonnet:

ababbcbccdcdee

“sonnet18”

Inthissonnet,thepoetexpresseshistrueaffectionforthepersonhelovesandbelievesthathispoetrywillbringfortheternalbeautytotheperson.Thissonnetismadeupofthreequatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefandacoupletrhyminggg.

Thethemeofthesonnetsmaybethathispoetrycanbringeternitytotheoneheloves.

Soliloquy（独白）

1）Soliloquy,indrama,meansamomentwhenacharacterisaloneandspeakshisorherthoughtsaloud.

2）Intheline“Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion”,whichbeginsthefamoussoliloquyfromAct3,Scene1ofShakespeare’sHamlet.InthissoliloquyHamletquestionswhetherornotlifeisworthlivingandspeaksofthereasonswhyhedoesnotendhislife.

2.FrancisBacon,essayist,

Significances

1.Hisinductivereasoning（归纳推理）vsdeductivereasoning（演绎推论）

→“Therealprogenitor（先驱）ofEnglishmaterialism”

→“FatherofmodernscienceinEngland”

2.Hisachievementintheartofprosewriting:

→HisessaysisthefirstcollectionsofessaysintheEnglishliteraturehistory:

alandmark

“OfStudies”isthemostfamousandmostpopularofBacon’s58essays.

（Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor.Thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Thisone-paragraphessayhasbeenaclassicinEnglishprose.）

Works作品:

OfMarriageandSingleLife《论婚姻》TheFirstOne

LiteraryTerms（文学术语解释）

Induction/归纳推理

Inductionorinductivereasoning,sometimescalledinductivelogic,istheprocessofreasoninginwhichthepremisesofanargumentarebelievedtosupporttheconclusionbutdonotentailthepremises;

Deduction/演绎推理

Deductivereasoningisreasoningwhichusesdeductiveargumentstomovefromgivenstatements（premises）toconclusions,whichmustbetrueifthepremisesaretrue.Anexampleofdeductivereasoning,givenbyAristotle,is“Allmenaremortal.（Majorpremise）Socratesisaman.（Minorpremise）Socratesismortal.（Conclusion）”

培根至理名言:

爱情就像银行里存一笔钱，能欣赏对方的优点，就像补充收入；容忍对方缺点，这是节制支出。

所谓永恒的爱，是从红颜爱到白发，从花开爱到花残。

我活着是为了学习，而学习并不是为了活着。

合理安排时间，就等于节约时间。

在我看来，举止就像是心灵的衣裳，而且具备衣裳的特点。

因为举止应当合乎时尚，而不应稀奇古怪；它应在体现出心灵美的同时又能掩饰其不足；总之，举止不能太拘束，太呆板。

生活的理想，就是为了理想的生活。

书籍是在时代的波涛中航行的思想之船，它小心翼翼地把珍贵的货物运送给一代又一代。

Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量.

ChapterThree:

17thcenturyliterature（theperiodofEnglishbourgeoisrevolutionandrestoration）

1.JohnDonne（约翰·多恩）

TheSongsandSonnets《歌谣与十四行诗》；Death,BeNotProud《死神莫骄妄》；TheFlea《跳蚤》；AValediction:

ForbiddingMourning《分别：

莫忧伤》

2.JohnMilton（约翰·弥尔顿）（1608–1674）HewasanEnglishpoet,prosepolemicistandcivilservantfortheCommonwealthofEngland.

Works作品：

Lycidas《利西达斯》；DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》；TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《再为英国人民声辩》；ParadiseLost《失乐园》；ParadiseRegained《复乐园》；SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》

Milton!

Thoushouldstbelivingatthishour:

Englandhathneedofthee（弥尔顿，您应该活到现在！

英国需要您）。

——WilliamWordsworth（威廉·华兹华斯）

ParadiseLost《失乐园》

ItisMilton’smasterpiece,whichisalongepicin12bookswritteninblankverse.ThestoryisdrawnfromtheOldTestamentoftheBible,whichtellshowSatan,afterbeingdefeatedinhisrebelagainstGod,tempsAdamandEvetoeattheapplesfortheForbiddenTree,andcausestheFallofMan.Satanistherealherointhepoem.Godisatyranny,asymboloftheEnglishMonarch

OnHisDeceasedWife（梦亡妻）

3.JohnBunyan（约翰·班扬）,novelist,

Works作品：

ThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》

《天路历程》著述基督徒从毁灭之城走出，经过绝望深渊、名利场、怀疑褒，历尽艰辛，战胜妖魔终于抵达欢乐山到达天国。

书的价值还在于它描述了英国城乡的现实主义画图。

这本书是一本宗教寓言，属于传教，说教的书。

4.JohnDrydon（约翰·德莱顿）

AllforLove《一切为了爱情》AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《论戏剧诗》

MetaphysicalPoets（玄学派诗人）

Theyrefertoagroupofreligiouspoetsinthefirsthalfofthe17thcenturywhoseworkswerecharacterizedbytheirwit,imaginativepicturing,compressions,oftencrypticexpression,playofparadoxesandjuxtapositionsofmetaphor.

TheMetaphysicalPoets

JohnDonne（1572–1631）

GeorgeHerbert（1593-1633）

HenryVaughan（1621-1695）

RichardCrashaw（1613-1649）

AndrewMarvell（1621-1678）

MetaphysicalPoetry

Itisalooseschoolofhighlyintellectualpoetryinthe17thcenturymarkedbyboleandingeniousconceits,incongruousimagery,andcomplexityofthought,frequentuseofparadoxandoftenbydeliberateharshnessorrigidityofexpression.

ThistermwascoinedbyJohnDryden（1631-1700）andlateradoptedbySamuelJohnson（1709-1784）inhisTheLivesofthePoets（1781