Lecture requirements125.docx

Lecture requirements125.docx

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Lecturerequirements125

YoushouldanswerallquestionsinEnglish.Encourageyoutounderstandtheknowledgeandanswerquestionsuseyourknownwords.ExpressyourunderstandinginEnglish.

因为我们期中考试成绩不理想，因而2-10章仍然是考试内容，占40%的总分数。

因为时间不够用，先将整理的单词和要求的第一部分（2-8，及9-10的单词部分）发给大家，明天发第二部分，准备听力10分，共选5段视频给大家听（totalislessthan10minutes），配答案，今天发给大家两段及其答案,考试时还要写出中文翻译。

要考的好，专业单词要过关，掌握基本知识后，应该参看以前中文课做些相关题目，我出的题目不难。

用到的知识点全部是课堂上讲过的。

大家一定要认真对待，否则有不及格危险。

•期末成绩占60%（英文试卷），不对专业词汇做解释,用英文回答，用中文回答正确也要扣20%分数，用英文回答意思正确就得分，有些语法错误不扣分。

题型：

听力测试（10分，从最后传给你们的5段听力中选一段，答案也将上传），选择题（10分，10题，每题1分，其中5分是课堂上做过的），填空（10分，考概念，公式等），单词（10分，要求掌握元素1-38号的中英文名称及音标，价层电子构型），问答题（15分，在复习范围内出现的问答题中选三道，答案已在复习范围内给出），计算题（45，关于气体，热力学，平衡，氧化还原的题，用我们学到的知识，最好做一点以前相关的1年级的题，中文的即可）

Lecture2

1.Whatispressure?

2.Idealgaslaw

3.Conversionofunitsofpressure.

4.Howtopronouncemathematicexpressions,equationsetc?

5.Whatisstandardpressure?

6.Distributionofspeedofmolecules.ItiscalledtheMaxwell-BoltzmannDistribution.

7.WhatisCharle’slaw?

V=AT

8.WhatisAvogadro’slaw?

V=kn

9.WhatisBoyle’slaw?

V1/P

10.Whichtwofactorsdoesthepressureinsidecontainerdependon?

11.Theotherformofidealgaslaw.

12.Dalton’slawofpartialpressure

13.Graham’slaw

14.Whatiseffusion?

Whatisdiffusion?

Whatisthedifference?

WhatisMeanfreepath?

Lecture3-4

Whattechniquecanhelpusseeatomsinmolecules?

Scanningtunnelingmicroscopy（透射电镜）

Streamsofnegativelychargedparticleswerefoundtoemanatefromcathodetubes.Whatarethey?

Electrons

---------------------------

E=F/q

whereFistheelectricforceexperiencedbytheparticle,qisitschargeandEistheelectricfieldwhereintheparticleislocated.

TheunitofelectricfieldEisNC−1.

ForcesinMagneticField

RelationshipbetweenElectricFieldandMagneticField

MillikanOilDropExperimentdeterminedwhatpropertyofelectron?

Charge.

Radioactivityisthespontaneousemissionofradiationbyanatom.

Inphysics,radiationdescribesaprocessinwhichenergeticparticlesorwavestravelthroughamediumorspace.Therearetwodistincttypesofradiation;ionizingandnon-ionizing.Thewordradiationiscommonlyusedinreferencetoionizingradiationonly（i.e.,havingsufficientenergytoionizeanatom）,butitmayalsorefertonon-ionizingradiation（e.g.,radiowavesorvisiblelight）.Theenergyradiates（i.e.,travelsoutwardinstraightlinesinalldirections）fromitssource.Bothionizingandnon-ionizingradiationcanbeharmfultoorganismsandcanresultinchangestothenaturalenvironment.

ThreetypesofradiationwerediscoveredbyErnestRutherford.Whatarethey?

SubatomicParticlesincludesprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.

•Isotopesareatomsofthesameelementwithdifferentmasses.

•Isotopeshavedifferentnumbersofneutrons.

Atomicandmolecularmassescanbemeasuredwithgreataccuracywithamassspectrometer.（Itwillbegoodifyouknowhowitworks.ButIwillnottestyouonthat.）

Lecture5

1.energyassociatedwithmovementofchargescanbeconvertedintolight.

2.Lightcanbeconvertedintomovementofcharges.

3.Photoisapackageoflight.

4.E=h=hc/:

Energyisquantized

5.EnergyUnits:

ev//

6..Ablackobjectabsorbsalllightthatfallsonit.Ahotblackobjectglows.

7.Knowblackbodyradiationphenomenon.

8.Onlyobjectsat0kdonotemitradiation.

9.KE（electron）=E（photo）-IonizationEnergy

10.Severalexperiments:

[1]simulationofphotoelectriceffect.

[2]Photoelectriceffect

[3]Wavepropertyoflight（Diffraction,Interferencepatternoflight,Young’sdoubleslitexperiment）

Lecture6

1.Photonswithcertainenergiescanbeusedtoejectelectronsfromatoms.

2Periodictrendsandtheoctetrulesuggestcorrectnessofashellmodelforatoms.

3KnowX-rayPhotoelectronSpectrometerandIE=h-KE

4ComprehendthePhotoelectronSpectrumofH,He,Li,Be,B.

5Electronsinatomshavediscrete（quantized）energy.

6KnowtheuseofXPSandUPS.

Lecture7-8

Theenergiesoftheelectromagneticfieldandofoscillatingatomsarequantized.

Evidence:

Theblackbodyradiation.

Light,electromagneticradiation—whichclassicalphysicstreatsaswave-like—actuallyalsodisplaysthecharacteristicsofparticles.

Evidence:

PhotoelectricEffect

HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple:

deBroglierelationλ=h/p

Themathematicalrepresentationofthewavethatinquantummechanicsreplacestheclassicalconceptoftrajectoryiscalledawavefunction,ψ（psi）.

TheSchrödingerequation

Electronshavebothaparticleandwavenature

QuantumNumbers

PrincipalQuantumNumber（n）（averageradius）

Itdescribestheenergylevelonwhichtheorbitalresides.

Thevaluesofnareintegers≥1.

AngularMomentumQuantumNumber（l）（s,p,d,f）

Thisquantumnumberdefinestheshapeoftheorbital.

Allowedvaluesoflareintegersrangingfrom0ton–1.

MagneticQuantumNumber（ml）（px,py,pz）

Themagneticquantumnumberdescribesthethree-dimensionalorientationoftheorbital.

−l≤ml≤l.

SpinQuantumNumberms

Thespinquantumnumberhasonly2allowedvalues:

+1/2and−1/2.

Morenodes,moreenergy

PeriodicTable,period,group,Englishandchinesenameof1-38elements，pronunciation，andtheirvalenceelectronconfigurations（Itwillbegoodifbythistimeyouknowallthosethingsabout1-86elements.ButIwillnottestyouallofthem,just1-38.）Giveyouanelementsymbol,youcanfigureoutwhereitisintheperiodictable,whichgroupandwhichperiod.

ElectronConfiguration

EnergyDiagram

PeriodicTrends

Thearrangementofelementsinorderofincreasingatomicnumber,withelementshavingsimilarpropertiesplacedinverticalcolumn,isknownastheperiodictable.

Therowsontheperiodicchartareperiods.

Columnsaregroups.

TheAufbauPrinciple

PauliExclusionPrinciple

Hund’sRule

SomeAnomaliesinthetable

Examineperiodictrends

Ionizationenergy:

XX++e-

Electronaffinity:

X++e-X

Conceptsthatprovideexplanations

ElectronconfigurationNoblegascore

Effectivenuclearcharge:

Zeff=Z–S

Coulomb’slaw

Lecture9—10Linespectra

KeyIdea:

Whenelectronsrelocatefromoneorbitaltoanother,theyabsorboremitaspecificamountofenergy.

Heattransfer:

conduction,convection,andradiation.

Conductionisduetodirecttransferofkineticenergybycontact.

Radiationistheemissionofinfraredphotonswhichourbodiesabsorb.

HowdoesNeonlampworkandwhatkindoflightisemitted?

NeonlampsaremadeofGasDischargeTubes.Thesetubesaresimilartothecathodetubewetalkedaboutandcontainverylowpressuregas（e.g.Neon）.Whenyouputhigh-voltageontheelectrodes,electronsaregoingtostreamthroughwithveryhighvelocity.AtomsofagascontinuouslyabsorbenergybycollidingwiththehighKEelectrons.Theabsorbedenergyisthenemittedaslight.Notallenergiesareactuallybeingemittedfromthislamp.Onlycertainenergiesarebeingemitted.

Sothepointisthatwhenyouspreadthelightout,youcanseethatitiscomingatveryspecificenergies.Justcertainphotonsarecomingout.

Whichofthestatementsbelowis/aretrue?

（A）TheHardSpheremodelpredictsthatphotonswithenergy122nmdonotchangeHatoms.

（B）ThePlumPuddingmodelpredictsthatphotonswithenergy122nmdonotchangeHatoms.

（C）TheBohrmodelpredictsthatphotonswithenergy122nmcauseanelectrontomovefromn=1ton=2.

（D）OnlyAandCarecorrect.

（E）Allthreearecorrect.

Disthecorrectanswer.

Photonswithenergy122nmcausetheelectronofHtomovefromn=1ton=2,photonswithenergy103nmcausetheelectrontomovefromn=1ton=3,whatcanphotonswithenergy114dototheelectronofH?

Why?

Nothing,becauseitdoesn’tmatch.Itdoesn’tmatchanydifferenceinenergyoftwoatomicorbitals.

（Irecommendyoutowatchthesimulationpartofthevideotogainagoodunderstanding.Butyoucandoitaftertheexamination.）

Summary:

Ifyoumoveelectronsbetweentheenergylevelsoftheorbitals,youhavetousephotonswithexactamountofenergy.Butifyouwanttomoveelectrontozeroenergy,youjustneedphotonshaveenoughenergytodothis.Itcanbeanyenergygreaterthanthecertainenergy,theenergytojustmovetheelectrontothezeroenergylevel.

En=-Ry（z2）（1/n2）（必须记住）forhydrogen-likeatoms

z=原子序数

注Ry=1312KJ/mol

Predicttheenergyrequiredtomoveanelectronfromn=1ton=2inLi2+.

（A）11808kJ/mol

（B）8856kJ/mol

（C）2952kJ/mol

AtomicEmissionSpectroscopyanditsapplication

Lecture11HOWABSORBING:

lightandcolor

KeyIdea:

Colorsofcompoundsresultsfromabsorptionoflight,aprocesswherelightenergychangesthelocationofelectronsinmolecules.

1了解原子发射出分立的（discrete），固定能量（specificenergy），固体分子就是宽（broad）的和连续（continuous）的谱。

原因是分子振动存在振动能级。

Atomsemitverydiscreteenergies.Solidsofmoleculesdoesnot,becausethevibrationsofthemoleculesinthemolecule.

2Thepropertiesoflight.

λ:

wavelength,[m]

:

frequency,[s-1,Hz]

c:

speed[m/s]

Amplitude振幅（四个单词要记住）

λ=c

c=3.0x108m/s（公式要记）

3.ThingsonLightenergy

E=hv=hc/λh=6.63x10-34Js（都要记住）

4Wavelengthofdifferentcolorenergies.（不考，建议记住）

5记下两种色彩混合时的颜色

6Whydoesaredapplelookredandagreenapplelookgreen?

Theredapplelooksredbecauseitreflectsredlightandabsorbspredominantlyblueandgreen.Thegreenappleabsorbspredominantlypurpleandred.

（Thecolorwheelcanbeusedtopredictthecolorofanobjectbasedonthecoloroflightabsorbed.）

7chlorophyll叶绿素

8可见光吸收光谱的方法Beer’slaw:

A（λ）=abc

9Howdotheeyeseecolors?

Youreyedoesn’thavemanyreceptorsites,andinfact,ithasthreeforcolorvision.Ithasablue,agreenandared.Sothinkabout