Chapter 2Phonology.docx

Chapter 2Phonology.docx

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Chapter2Phonology

SupplementaryExercises 

                           Chapter2：

Phonology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.       VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. 

2.       Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. 

3.       Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. 

4.       EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. 

5.       Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. 

6.       Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. 

7.       Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. 

8.       Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thethroat,themouthandthechest. 

9.       Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing. 

10.  Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. 

11.  Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. 

12.  Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:

thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. 

13.  Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. 

14.  Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. 

15.  Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. 

16.  Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. 

17.  Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning. 

18.  Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. 

19.  Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. 

20.  Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21．          A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds. 

22．          A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer. 

23． Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds. 

24．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother. 

25．          Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation. 

26．          Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________. 

[endif]>

27．          S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc. 

28．          Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules. 

29．          Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription. 

30．          Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________. 

31．          P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication. 

32．          Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:

thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity. 

33．          T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes. 

[endif]>

34．          Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:

wordstressands_________stress.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

35．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.

A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords 

36．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds. 

   A.voicelessB.voiced

C.vowelD.consonantal

37．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.

           A./z/B./d/

C./k/D./b/ 

38．          Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.

A.identicalB.same

           C.exactlyalikeD.similar 

39．          Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.

A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistribution

           C.theallophonesD.minimalpair 

40．          Thesound/f/is_________________.

A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstop

C.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative

41. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition. 

       A.backB.central

C.frontD.middle 

42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.

A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituents

           C.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures 

43.A（n）___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

A.phoneB.sound

           C.allophoneD.phoneme 

44．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.

A.phonesB.sounds

C.phonemesD.allophones 

[endif]>

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology46.phoneme47.allophone

48.internationalphoneticalphabet

49.intonation50.phonetics51.auditoryphonetics

52.acousticphonetics53.phone54.phonemiccontrast55.tone56.minimalpair

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?

58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?

59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.

61. Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?

 Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises

Chapter2Phonology

:

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T10.F

11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.F17.T18.F19.T20.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Aspiration22.Articulatory23.bilabial24.tongue25.place

26.stop27.Suprasegmental28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation

31.Phonology32.oral33.Tone34.sentence

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

35.C36.A37.B38.D39.A40.D41.C42.C43.D44.D

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology:

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

46.phoneme:

Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

47.allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

48.internationalphoneticalphabet:

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

49.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

50.phonetics:

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages

51.auditoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

52.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

53.phone:

Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

54.phonemiccontrast:

Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemic