Chapter 2Phonology.docx
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Chapter2Phonology
SupplementaryExercises
Chapter2:
Phonology
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1. VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.
2. Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
3. Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.
4. EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.
5. Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.
6. Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.
8. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:
thethroat,themouthandthechest.
9. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.
10. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.
11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.
12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:
thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.
13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.
14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.
15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.
16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.
17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.
18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.
19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.
20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21. A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.
22. A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.
23. Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.
24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.
25. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.
26. Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.
[endif]>
27. S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.
28. Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules.
29. Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.
30. Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.
31. P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.
32. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:
thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.
33. T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.
[endif]>
34. Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:
wordstressands_________stress.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
35.Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.
A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords
36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.
A.voicelessB.voiced
C.vowelD.consonantal
37.__________isavoicedalveolarstop.
A./z/B./d/
C./k/D./b/
38. Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.
A.identicalB.same
C.exactlyalikeD.similar
39. Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.
A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistribution
C.theallophonesD.minimalpair
40. Thesound/f/is_________________.
A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstop
C.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative
41. A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.
A.backB.central
C.frontD.middle
42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.
A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituents
C.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures
43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
A.phoneB.sound
C.allophoneD.phoneme
44.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.
A.phonesB.sounds
C.phonemesD.allophones
[endif]>
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
45.phonology46.phoneme47.allophone
48.internationalphoneticalphabet
49.intonation50.phonetics51.auditoryphonetics
52.acousticphonetics53.phone54.phonemiccontrast55.tone56.minimalpair
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
57. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?
58. Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?
59. Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?
60. Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.
61. Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?
Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercises
Chapter2Phonology
:
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T10.F
11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.F17.T18.F19.T20.T
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.Aspiration22.Articulatory23.bilabial24.tongue25.place
26.stop27.Suprasegmental28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation
31.Phonology32.oral33.Tone34.sentence
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
35.C36.A37.B38.D39.A40.D41.C42.C43.D44.D
IV.Definethetermsbelow:
45.phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
46.phoneme:
Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
47.allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
48.internationalphoneticalphabet:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
49.intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.
50.phonetics:
Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages
51.auditoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
52.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
53.phone:
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.
54.phonemiccontrast:
Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemic