现代主义the 20th Century American Literature.docx

现代主义the 20th Century American Literature.docx

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现代主义the20thCenturyAmericanLiterature

the20thCenturyAmericanLiterature（1900-1910s）

HistoricalBackground

TheinfluenceofWWI：

•aneconomicboom

•asuddenjumpintechnology

•Thebreakdownofoldmoralvalues——bobbedhair,shortskirts,womendrinkingandsmoking

•atremendousdisillusionment（幻想破灭，美国梦，BenjaminFranklin）

•Nothinghadchanged.

•Therewasapopularcontempt轻视forthelaw—theprohibitionofalcohol,bootleggers走私者,etc.

•Thedream美国梦hadfailedandthecountrywasbuildingupeconomictroublestowarddisaster.

•AlossoffaithbeganwithDarwin’stheoriesofevolution达尔文进化论.Withoutfaithmancouldnolongerkeephisfeelingandthoughtwhole;henceasenseoflifebeingfragmented变成碎片andchaotic混乱的.Withoutfaith,mannolongerfeltsecureandhappy;hencethefeelingofgloom阴暗anddespair绝望

•BertrandRussell伯特兰·罗素（英国哲学家）,commented评论onthespiritoftheperiod—Manmustnotexpectanyhelpfromabeneficent慈善的God.Manmustrecognizethatheisofnoimportanceinsuchaworld----Nothingcanpreserve保护anindividuallifebeyondthegrave.Deathwilldoom注定allhumanendeavors努力andachievementstoultimateextinction化为灰烬.Headvisesmantobelieveinhimself,tofacelifewith“adespairingcourage绝望的勇气”.

•.

Imagism

☐Imagism意象主义wasamovementinearly20th-centuryAnglo-American英裔美国人poetrythatfavored赞成precision精度ofimageryandclear,sharplanguage.TheImagists意象主义诗人rejectedthesentiment情感anddiscursiveness散漫、推论typicalofmuchRomanticandVictorian（强调理性）poetry.

Whatisanimage?

☐T.E.Hulme:

Theimagemustenableone“todwell存在于andlinger徘徊uponapointofexcitement,toachievetheimpossibleandconvert转变apointintoaline”.

☐EzraPound:

Animageis“thatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstant瞬间oftime”.

☐RichardAldington:

Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.

LiterarySourcesofImagism

☐TheImagistMovementdrewfromavarietyofpoetictraditions—Greek,Provencal,JapaneseandChinesepoetry.Theideographic表意的andpictographic象形文字的natureofChineselanguage,andvirile男性的laconism简洁andausterepregnancy丰富，意味深长whichcharacterizeancientChinesepoetryfascinatedtheImagists.

threemajorphases

☐1908—1909

AnEnglishman,T.E.Hulme,foundedaPoets’Clubin1908,whichmetinSohoeveryWednesdayeveningtodiscusspoetry.Hebelievedthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthemomentary瞬间的impressionsisthrough“theuseofonedominantimage”.

☐1912—1914

EzraPoundtookoverthemovement.In1912,theypublishedacollectionofpoems,entitledDesImagistes,inwhichamanifesto宣言cameintobeing.

⏹a.Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;

⏹b.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;

⏹c.Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.

☐1914—1917

AmyLowelltookoverthemovementanddevelopeditinto“Amygism”.In1915,1916,1917,threevolumesofSomeImagistPoetscameout,containingsixprinciplesbasedontheoriginalthree.After1917,Imagismceasedtobeamovement.

FeaturesofImagism

1.Tousethelanguageofcommonspeech,buttoemploy采用theexactword,notthenearly-exact,northemerelydecorative装饰性的word.

2.Webelievethattheindividualityofapoetmayoftenbebetterexpressedinfreeverse自由诗体thaninconventional传统的forms.Inpoetry,anewcadence韵律、节奏meansanewidea.

3.Absolutefreedominthechoiceofsubject.

4.Topresentanimage.Wearenotaschool学派ofpainters,butwebelievethatpoetryshouldrenderparticularsexactlyandnotdealinvaguegeneralities模糊的概论,howevermagnificent华丽的andsonorous响亮的.Itisforthisreasonthatweopposethecosmic广大无边的poet诗人,whoseemstoustoshirk逃避therealdifficultiesofhisart.

5.Toproduceapoetrythatishardandclear,neverblurred玷污norindefinite.

6.Finally,mostofusbelievethatconcentrationisoftheveryessence本质ofpoetry.

InaStationoftheMetro

☐aclassicspecimenofImagistpoetry

☐theuseofonedominantimagetorepresentwhathewasexperiencing

☐apparition:

appearance,somethingwhichshowsup;somethingwhichisnotrealandwhichcannotbeclearlyobserved

☐influencefromancientChinesepoetry（《长恨歌》:

“玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨.”）

⏹

在地铁站

人潮，人面，魅影，闪现，

潮湿，黑枝，花瓣。

Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;

⏹Petalsonawet,blackbough.

☐人群中那些亡魂的脸

花瓣，在潮湿的黑色枝头

荒木田守武——俳句

落花飞回枝

蝴蝶

EzraPound（译文）

Afallenblossomiscomingbacktothebranch

Look,abutterfly

题都城南庄

去年今日此门中,

人面桃花相映红。

人面不知何处去，

桃花依旧笑春风。

QuestionsforComprehension

1.Wheredoesthenarrator叙述者seethe“faces”?

2.Whatarethe“faces”comparedto?

3.Whatadjectivesdoesthenarratorusetodescribethe“bough”?

Howdoesthedescriptionforeground前景、近景the