西方翻译理论.docx

西方翻译理论.docx

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西方翻译理论

一.Thebeginningperiod–theendof4thcenturyB.C

Background:

RomanEmpirebecamepowerfulintheworld.GreekculturewasveryattractivetoRome.

Representatives:

Andronicus:

Home’sOdysseus,240B.C

Thefirstlarge-scaletranslationactivityinEurope.

Cicero:

ThefirsttranslationtheoristinthewestinRomanperiodliteraltranslationandfreetranslationfromtheviewofarhetorandorator.

Weakness:

lakeofsystematicstudyoftranslationprinciple.

Significance:

①introducetheancientGreekliteratureintoRomeevenintothewesternworld.②developRomeliterature.

二．FromRomeEmpiretoearlyMiddleAges

Background:

tomeettheneedsofChristiancommunity-developthereligiousculture,ScriptureswastranslatedformHebrewtoLatin.

Features:

religioustranslationactivity

Representatives:

Jerome,theOldTestament

Themostsystematicamongallancienttranslators

意译：

Freetranslation-literaryworks

直译：

Literaltranslation-thescriptures

三、TheMedievalTimes

TranslationcenterformBaghdad（Syria）toToledo（Spain）

1Syria:

the9th-10thcentury,foundedtheHouseofWisdom,Greek-Arabic

Features:

word-for-wordtranslation

2Toledo:

the11th–12thcenturytheschooltoToledoArabic→LatinandSpain

Significance:

toprovideasolidscientificandtechnologicalbasisfortheEuropeanRenaissance.

四、TheRenaissancePeriod

Features:

fromancientliteraryworkstomajorcontemporaryworks

Representative：

MartinLutherNewTestamentintoGerman

①shiftsofwordorder

②useofmodalauxiliaries

③introduceofconnectives

④suppressionofforeigntermsthathadnoequivalentinGerman

⑤usephraseintargetlanguagetotranslatewordsinsourcelanguage

⑥shiftsofmetaphortonon-metaphororviceverse.

五、Fromthelateof17thcenturytotheearlyof20thcentury

Representative:

JohnDryden,AlexanderTytler,ArnoldNewman

Feature:

tocultivatealiterarynature;toadvancethetheoryoftranslatabilityanduntranslatability.

六、ContemporarytranslationstudiesworldwarⅡ

Features:

①progressindifferentfield

②aspecialoccupation

3includingmoderntranslationtheories（1959-1972）andcontemporarytranslationtheories（1972-nowadays）

Moderntranslationtheories（1959-1972）

Representative:

①RomanJakobson:

OnLinguisticAspectofTranslationin1959intralingualtranslation.InterlingualTranslation,Intersemiotictranslation.

②J.R.Firth&Catford:

thetheoryoftextualequivalence

4EugeneNida

ContemporaryTranslationtheories（1972-now）

Representative:

JamesHolmes

TheNameandNatureofTranslationstudiesin1972proposedthatTranslationStudiesisanindependentsubject.

Including:

DeconstructionSchool,Post-colonialismandFeminismschool.

PhilologicalSchool

Time:

beforetheworldwarⅡ

Background:

fromtranslators’translationpractice

Features:

Literalandfreetranslation;contentandstyle;faithfulnessandaesthetics

Weakness:

nosystematictranslationtheories

Researchobjects:

1）Register2）figuresofspeech3）creativityoflanguage

1）Register:

Therelationshipbetweenaparticularstyleoflanguageanditscontextofuse

①Diachronicperspective:

toobserveadaptabilityoflanguagefromhistorydevelopment:

neologism;archaism;old-fashionedword;olduse

②Synchronicperspective:

toanalyzelanguageusagefromsynchronicsequence;terminology;writtenlanguage,orallanguage,commonlanguage,vulgarity,etc

③InterlacingperspectiveFunction:

whethertranslationisinaccordancewithSTonlinguisticlevelandwhetheritreflectsthecharacter,time,andindividualstyleofthework.

2）Figureofspeech

ComparisononfigureofspeechbetweenSTandTT:

tofindthehiddenrulesandestablishregulationorcriteriontoguidetranslationanditsevaluation.

Threeapproachestoconformtocriteria:

①Domestication:

Venuti,1995译者向目的语者靠拢

②Foreignization向原语文化靠拢，把原语言中的文化信息向目的语转输丰富目的语。

③Literaltranslation+notes

Representatives:

1）JohnDryden（1631-1700）:

Britishpoet,translator

①Formedacomparativelyclear,comprehensiveandmetaphases,paraphrase,imitation.

②a.translationisanart;b.graspsthefeaturesofST;c.takestheTLreadersintoconsideration;d.translatorsweretheslaversoftheauthor;e.foreignwordscanbeappliedintranslation

③Centralidea:

faithfulnesstoSTandtheauthor.

2）AlexanderFraserTytler（1747-1814）

a.Goodcommandofbothlanguagesandtrytoreproducetheideacompletely,toaddsomenecessarycontentsanddeletesuperfluousones.

b.Styleandtechniques,usedintranslationshouldbesimilarwiththatoftheoriginal.

c.Translationshouldbeassmoothasoriginal.

d.Anexcellenttranslationshouldenablethereaderstoappreciatethebeautyofthesourcetext.

3）TheordoreSavory:

BritishresearchafterworldwarⅡ.Translatorsencounter3obviousproblemsinchoosingequivalentwords.

a.Illusorycorrespondence

b.Gapsinlanguagethatcan’tbefilledintra