英汉语比较研究.docx

英汉语比较研究.docx

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英汉语比较研究

英汉语比较研究

●英汉语语音层与音系层比较

●英汉语词层与语义层比较

●英汉语句层比较

●英汉语语篇层比较

●英汉语修辞比较

ChapterOneTheComparativeStudyinPhoneticsandPhonology

1.0Generalization

Eachlanguage,indeed,eachsub-varietyofalanguage,hasitsownunique“sound”,yetthenumberofpossiblesounddistinctionsthatmaybemadeinanylanguageisquitelimited,andalllanguagesshareatleastsomesetsofsounds.However,twolanguagesdifferfromeachotherinthewaysthesoundsareputtogether,thewaysinwhichtheyinfluenceeachother,andespeciallytherhythm,stress,andpitchpatterns.Thesepatternsofcombinationarehighlyrestrictedinanygivenlanguagevariety,butarenotcompletelyfixed.Asdifferentspeakersenterthecommunity,orassocialgroupingschange,thesoundsystemmaychangetoo.

Linguistsstudyspeechsoundsintwoways:

phoneticallyandphonologically.Byphoneticswemeanthestudyoftheinventoryofsoundsinlanguageingeneral,andofhowtheyproduced（articulatoryphonetics）andperceived（acousticphonetics）.Byphonologywemeanthestudyofhowsoundsorganizedinaparticularlanguage,thatis,whichsoundscanbedistinctiveinalanguage,inwhatpositiontheymayoccur,andwhattypesofautomaticvariantsofasoundarepossible.Andalsothetermisusedtorefertothesystemofsoundpatternsinalanguage.

Theproductionofanyspeechsoundinvolvestheprojectionoftheairstreamfromthelungsthroughthemouthand/orthenose.Initspassage,theairstreamisshapedinvariouswaysbytongueandjawmovements.Itmaybemomentarilyinterruptedornotinterruptedatall.Itmaybemadetovibratealotoralittlebythevocalcords.Wewilldiscussthebasicarticulatoryfeaturesofconsonantsandvowelsofbothlanguagestoshowtheirdifferences.

1.1DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishConsonants

Itiscustomarytoclassifyconsonantsaccordingtoplaceofarticulationandmannerofarticulation.Theplacesinvolvebothlips:

theupperandlowerlips（labials:

p,b,m）;thelowerlipandupperteeth（labio-dentals:

f,v）Othersoundsareproducedbythetonguebetweentheteeth（inter-dental:

th）;bymovementofthetonguetowardthehardridgeimmediatelybehindthefrontteeth（alveolars:

t,d,s,z）;bymovementofthetonguetowardthehardpalatebehindthealveolarridge（palatals:

sh,ch）;bymovementofthetonguetowardthesoftpalate（velars:

k,g,ng）.

Mannerofarticulationinvolvespresenceorabsenceofvoicingandofnasality,aswellasdegreeofobstruction.Acomparativestudyshowsthetwolanguagesdifferinconsonantsinthefollowingways.

1）WhenpronouncedisolatedlytheChineseconsonantsarecombinedwithvowelswhiletheEnglishonesarenot:

b-o玻p-o坡m-o磨f-o佛

d-e得t-e特n-e讷l-e勒g-e格k-e克h-e喝

j-i机q-i其x-i西

2）Thedifferencesbetweenlabials:

Almostnaught

3）Thedifferencesbetweenthelabio-dentals:

/f/（Chinese）—theteethrightonthetopofthelowerlip

/f/（English）—theteethontheinnersideofthelowerlip

/v/--nosuchavoicedconsonantinChinese

4）Thedifferencesbetweentheinterdentals:

//and/ð/--nosuchsoundsinChinese

5）Thedifferencesbetweenalveolars:

TheChinese/s/canmakeasyllable:

思，四，斯；

Thereisno/z/inChineseasafrictivebutanaffrictivethatsoundssomewhatliketheEnglishconsonantcluster/dz/:

资，自；

Thereisno/c/inEnglish,whichsoundsliketheEnglishconsonantcluster/ts/:

次，此；

6）Thedifferencesbetweenpalatals

Bothlanguageshave//（sh）butthepositionsaredifferent;

TheChinese/r/soundliketheEnglish//,whiletheEnglish/r/isproducedasaliquid.

7）Thedifferencesbetweenvelars

Thereisapalatal/h/inChinese（喝，河，和）,whiletheEnglish/h/isaglotal（hot,hard）;

Bothlanguageshave/t/（ch）and/d/（zh）,butthepositionsaredifferent.

1.2TheDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseVowels

Avowelisaspeechsoundinwhichthebreathisletoutwithoutanystoporanyclosingoftheairpassageorthroatthatcanbeheard.Acomparativesutdyofthetwolanguagesshowsgreatdifferencesinproducingtheirvowels.

1）TheEnglishsinglevowelsaredividedintothree:

Frontvowels:

/i:

/;/i/;/e/;//;

Centralvowels:

/:

/;//;/^/;

Backvowels:

/u:

/;/u/;/:

/;//;/a:

/;

TheChinesevowelsareclassifiedaccordingtotheshapeofthelips:

Openvowels:

/i:

/;/a:

/;/o/;/e/;

Dentalvowels:

/ia/;/ie/;

Closevowels/u/;/ua/;

Protrudedvowels:

//;/e/.

2）Thedifferencesbetweendiphthongs

TheChinesediphthongsare/ei/;/ao/;/ou/;/ai/;/iao/;iou/;/uai/;/uei/.

ButtheEnglishdiphthongsfallinto:

Closediphthongs:

/ei/;/ai/;/i/;/au/;/u/;

Centraldiphthongs:

/i/;//;/u/;//.

3）TheEnglishlanguagehasnonasalvowelsbuttheChineselanguagehassixteen:

anianuanuan

eninuenun

ang