英语语言学笔记.docx

英语语言学笔记.docx

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英语语言学笔记

第一章

1.Whatislanguage?

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication

2.Designfeaturesoflanguage

①Arbitrariness（任意性）referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.（soundsandmeanings）

②Duality（二层性）:

Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

③Productivity/creativity（创造性）:

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

④Displacement（移位性）:

HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atmomentofcommunication.（p7）

3.Functionsoflanguage

①Informative（信息功能）:

togiveinformationaboutfacts.（ideational）

②Interpersonal（人际功能）:

toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.（age,sex,language,background,accent,status）

③Performative（施为功能）:

languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.（name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare）

④.Emotive/Expressive（情感功能）:

toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.

⑤Phaticcommunion（寒暄交流）:

tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.（health,weather）

⑥Recreationalfunction（娱乐）:

theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.（lyrics,poetry）

⑦Metalingualfunction（元语言功能）:

totalkaboutlanguageitself.

4.Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

5.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

Descriptive&prescriptive

Synchronic&diachronic

Langue&parole

Competence&performance

6.Descriptive（描写/述性）—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse（modernlinguistic）

Prescriptive（规定性）—laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage（traditionalgrammar:

“neveruseadoublenegative”）

7.Synchronicstudy（共时）—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime（modernlinguistics）

Diachronicstudy（历时）—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime（historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

第四章

1．WhatisSyntax（句法）?

Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则

2．FourApproaches:

Thetraditionalapproach传统语言观（Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范畴、Concordandgovernment一致关系和支配关系）、Thestructuralapproach结构语言观、Thegenerativeapproach、Thefunctionalapproach功能语言观

3．Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesasasequenceofwords,soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyofwords,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.

4.Partsofspeech

Traditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:

nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.

5．ThetermCategory范畴insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:

thecategoriesofthenoun名词的范畴,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability（case）;

thecategoriesoftheverb动词的范畴:

tense,aspect,voice,etc.

6．Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名词和不可数名词.

Twotermsofnumberinnouns:

singularandplural单数和复数

Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs

7.Genderisalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.

InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.

8.Caseisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系

InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格,accusative受格,andgenitive与格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格

InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealisedinthreechannels:

（a）inflection（b）followingapreposition（c）wordorder

9.Tense时态:

theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:

pastandpresent.

Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.

10.Aspect体:

Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.

Perfective（完成体）andImperfective（进行体）

PerfectiveandProgressive（inEnglish）

11.Voice语态:

describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubject

Passive被动语态andactive主动语态

12.Concordandgovernment

①Concord（一致关系）referstoagreementbetweenwords,especiallybetweenaverbandthesubjectofasentence.

②